4. Excess and deficiencies

Question 1

What are macronutrients?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates/fats/oils/proteins

Question 2

What are micronutrients?

Answer 2

Minerals (Calcium, phosphorus, electrolytes)

Vitamins (A,D,E,K,B,C)

Question 3

What is fibre and its function?

Answer 3

Fibre can be soluble (Fermentable prebiotic) or insoluble (Cannot be fermented, absorbs water).

Soluble fibre: barley, nuts, seeds, fruits, lentils
Insoluble fibre: wheat, whole grains, vegetables

Question 4

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 4

To provide the body with basic fuels.

Question 5

How do carbohydrates work in the body?

Answer 5

The simplest carb is glucose, also called blood sugar, and flows in the bloodstream so that it is available for every cell in the body. Body cells absorb glucose and convert it into energy. Specifically a chemical reaction to create ATP.

Question 6

What is ATP?

Answer 6

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 7

What rae the 3 types of

Answer 7

Polysaccharides (starch)- potatoes, pasta Broken down by amylase in the mouth and further by pancreatic amylase in the small intestine

Disaccharides (Glalactose, fructose, glucose) broken down in the small intestine by sucrase, lactase and maltase.

Monosaccharides (lactose, sucrose, maltose): glucose + one other molecule

Question 8

What is the process of protein digestion?

Answer 8

Digestion in the stomach- release of pepsinogen which is turned into pepsin when in contact with HCl

HCl also denatures proteins so they can be broken down.

In the small intestine- Trypsin and chymotrypsin are released to further breakdown into peptide fragments and dipeptides.

Question 9

What is protein broken down into?

Answer 9

Amino acids to be used to build other proteins, DNA and other macromolecules.

Question 10

What are the 3 main types of fats?

Answer 10

The three main types of lipids aretriacylglycerols(also calledtriglycerides),phospholipids, andsterols.Triacylglycerols(also known astriglycerides) make up more than 95 percent of lipids in the diet and are commonly found in fried foods, vegetableoil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats

Question 11

What are lipids?

Answer 11

Lipids are large molecules and generally are not water-soluble. Like carbohydrates and protein, lipids are broken into small components for absorption

Question 12

What is the digestive process of fat?

Answer 12

The first step in the digestion of triglicerides and phospholipids begins in the mouth as lipids encounter saliva. The enzyme lingual lipase, initiates the process of digestion. These actions cause the fats to become more accessible to the digestive enzymes. As a result, the fats become tiny droplets and separate from the watery components.

In the stomach, gastric lipase starts to break down triglycerides into diglycerides and fatty acids.

Pancreatic lipase in then released in the small intestine to further break down the diglycerides and fatty acids so they can be absorbed

Question 13

What does ‘crude’ refer too?

Answer 13

a specific method of testing the product, not the quality of the nutrient itself.

Question 14

How do you determine how much protein is in a diet per day?

Answer 14

8% crude protein = 0.08
454g per day of food

0.08 X 454 = 36g

Question 15

What is RER?

Answer 15

Resting energy requirement and represents kcal.

weight (kg) X 30 + 70

Question 16

What is ‘digestible energy’

Answer 16

The estimation of how much energy there is in food and is worked out measuring the total available energy of the food before it is fed and then taking it away from the energy lost in faeces.

Question 17

What is ‘metabolised energy’

Answer 17

a smaller, more accurate number because it is the energy an animal receives from the food after the energy lost in urine, gases and faeces is taken away from the total available energy- can only be determined by animal feeding trials.

Question 18

How can calorie intake be restricted?

Answer 18

By the nutrient value of the fed and the animals ability to eat enough nutrients.

Question 19

What is the result of a calorie deficit?

Answer 19

• Weight loss
• Reduced lactation
• Ill thrift in older animals
• Slow growth of young animals
• Increased susceptibility to infection

Question 20

What is the result of excess calories?

Answer 20

• Weight gain
• Diabetes (cats/dogs)
• Laminitis (Horses)
• Obesity= insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, changes in blood flow

Question 21

What is Osteochondritis Dissecans in dogs?

Answer 21

Disturbance in normal cartilage formation during growth.

Generally in large breeds, 4-18 months of age. Often occurs during rapid growth and weight gain, or when feeing high levels of calcium.

Solution- Balanced diet, no added limestone, no additional bones, weight control.

Question 22

What is OCD in horses?

Answer 22

Interuption in the normal bone development and lesions in joints due to free flowing cartilage.

Occurs during rapid growth due to unbalanced rations, genetics or deficiencies in calcium.

Solution: Reduce calories, balance micronutrients, slow growth

Question 23

What is Uroliths?

Answer 23

Rabbits- calcium stones in the bladder leading to anorexia, fewer cessation of faeces, blood in the urine

Occurs when more calcium is absorbed than they require to be excreted in urine. Usually associated with reduced exercise and water intake.

Solution: Increase exercise, reduce energy dense foods, increase forages, adequate water intake

Question 24

What is metabolic bone disease?

Answer 24

Reptiles- Softened bones, often in the jaw and kinks in the libs and spine causing weakness and lethargy, reluctance to move. Occurs when there is not enough UV or if there is too much phosphorus, low calcium and low vitamin D3 which regulates calcium absorption.

Solution: provide UV within 0.46-0.6m of animals, ensure dietary supply of calcium and vitamin D, provide a balanced diet.

Question 25

What can an excess supplementation of Vitamin A and D lead to?

Answer 25

Vitamin toxicities leading to tissue damage, dry and flaky skin, skin ulceration, depression, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, dehydration.

Anaemia