4 Enzymes Flashcards
what is an enzyme?
- BIOLOGICAL CATALYST - speeds up the rate of a particular reaction, remain unchanged and repeatedly catalyse a reaction
- GLOBULAR PROTEIN - a specific sequence of amino acids fold up to form a three-dimensional shape
what is a substrate?
REACTANTS IN AN ECR, interact with enzyme and undergo a reaction by forming a SUBSTRATE-ENZYME COMPLEX
what is a product?
MOLECULE(S) PRODUCED FROM THE SUBSTRATE AT THE END OF AN ECR
why are enzymes necessary to life?
CHEMICAL REACTIONS DO NOT TAKE PLACE AT A RATE SUITABLE FOR LIFE UNDER THE TEMP. RANGE IT EXISTS AT,
Es SPEED UP RATE OF REACTION AND ALLOW FINE CONTROL OVER ALL REACTIONS AND RATES OF REACTION
what is metabolism?
SUM OF ALL DIFFERENT REACTIONS AND REACTION PATHWAYS IN A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
what are anabolic reactions?
REACTIONS THAT CREATE LARGER MOLECULES FROM SMALLER BUILDING BLOCKS, REQUIRED FOR GROWTH ‘BUILDING REACTIONS’
what are catabolic reactions?
REACTIONS THAT BREAK DOWN LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULES INTO SMALLER ONES, OR INTO SMALL INORGANIC MOLECULES ‘BREAKING DOWN REACTIONS’
what is an intracellular enzyme?
ENZYMES THAT ACT WITHIN CELLS
give an example of an intracellular enzyme and its mechanism
CATALASE- CATALYSES THE BREAKDOWN OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) INTO WATER AND OXYGEN
give an example of an extracellular enzyme and its mechanism
- AMYLASE- CATALYSES THE BREAKDOWN OF STARCH INTO MALTOSE (maltase = maltose to glucose)
- TRYPSIN- CATALYSES THE BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS INTO SMALLER POLYPEPTIDES (proteases = smaller polypeptides into amino acids)
what is an extracellular enzyme?
ENZYMES THAT ARE RELEASED FROM CELLS AND ACT OUTSIDE THE CELL THAT MAKES THEM
THEY DIGEST LARGE MACROMOLECULES EG. STARCH, INTO SMALLER ORGANIC MOLECULES SO THAT THEY CAN BE ABSORBED INTO CELLS (LARGE MOLECULES CAN ENTER CELLS DIRECTLY
what is digestion and why is it necessary?
IT IS THE BREAKING DOWN OF LARGE MOLECULES INTO THEIR SMALLER BUILDING BLOCKS,
- FOR THE NEXT REACTION EG. GLUCOSE IN RESPIRATION NOT CELLULOSE
- FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MOLECULES
example of digestion
POLYMERS INTO MONOMERS = TRIGLYCERIDES INTO 3 FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL
what does a dehydrogenase enzyme do?
catalyses removal of H2
how do enzymes affect structure and function of cells and entire organisms?
ALL MOLECULES IN A CELL OR ORGANISM ARE PRODUCED USING AN ECR, THEREFORE THE PRESENCE, QUANTITY AND FORM OF THE MOLECULE IS DETERMINED BY THE ENZYMES PRESENT, WHICH WILL DETERMINE THE STRUCTURE OF CELLS AND ORGANISMS EG. PIGMENT MOLECULES OR STRUCTURAL PROTEINS SUCH AS COLLAGEN.
FUNCTION OF CELL ALSO DETERMINED BY ENZYMES AS THE ROLE OF THE CELL IS DETERMINED BY THE REACTIONS IT CAN PERFORM.
