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4. Determinants and Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Why do some people develop substance-related problems and others do not?

A

Because each person has a particular set of vulnerabilities or factors that make them more susceptible to substance-related problems.

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2
Q

what are the possible vulnerabilities of factors that make certain people more susceptible to substance related problems?

A

people’s ability to to cope that comes from support, resources, individual differences, attachment style and other sets of determinants that lead people to be more or less susceptible

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3
Q

how are drug disorders explained?

A

by a range of risk and protective factors from a range of levels - from individual to familial and societal contexts. however these factors may not directly influence drug use (e.g. low SES)

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4
Q

describe the causes for drug disorders

A

there is not an immediate or single cause. It is often a combination of different fators

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5
Q

what do risk factors predict?

A

initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life

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6
Q

what do protective factors do?

A

mediate or moderate risk factors

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7
Q

what is the key protective factor from drug disorders?

A

resilience

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8
Q

what is resilience?

A

the ability to be well adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment

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9
Q

what is the trend in the smoking in Australia since 1980s?

A

declined significantly

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10
Q

what is the trend of the percentage of people who havent smoked since 1991?

A

slowly increasing

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11
Q

what is the trend of the percentage of people who is an ex smoker since 1991?

A

slowly increased then very very slowly decrease

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12
Q

what is the trend of the percentage of people who smoke daily since 1991?

A

slowly decreasing

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13
Q

when was there a sudden spike in the number of opioid overdose deaths?

A

in 1999

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14
Q

why was there suddenly a spike in the number of deaths caused by opioid overdoses?

A

due to an influx of more pure opiates in Australia. and because it is so easy to overdose, people didnt know that a slightly bigger dose than usual could potentially kill

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15
Q

why was there a sudden drop in the number of deaths caused by opioid overdose in 2000?

A

because of a huge campaign for police and customs seizures which lead to a drought of heroin

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16
Q

what did the drought of heroine lead to?

A

increased use of amphetamines

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17
Q

what are determinants?

A

the range of risk and protective factors that make someone more or less likely to develop a drug use disorder

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18
Q

what are the risk factors that occur prior to birth?

A

social disadvantages, family breakdowns, genetic influences, maternal smoking and alcohol use

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19
Q

what are the protective factors that occur prior to birth?

A

birth outside australia

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20
Q

to what degree is social disadvantage or low SES a risk factor?

A

to a LARGE extent

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21
Q

where to the highest drug use and problems occur?

A

in areas with low SES characteristics

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22
Q

why do drug use and problems occur in areas with low SES?

A

Low Social Status and the increasing disparity between the rich and the poor have been noted to impact upon morbidity, morality, and other health-risk behaviours such as drug use. This most likely arises through economic discrepancies producing personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions, and conflict, which negatively influence physical and mental health, well-being, coping, and competence of individuals in the community.
• (Bonomo, 2004)

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23
Q

what childhood trauma causes higher risk of problems in later life?

A

abuse or neglect

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24
Q

how might people think drugs are helping them with trauma?

A

they can forget or numb the pain of the trauma which is a huge risk factor as it is almost direct in the way it works

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25
how might trauma impact treatment of drug problems
make the client feel like they don't have trauma and they dont need to be treated. Once you remove the drug, how will they cope?
26
in what ways can genetics be a risk factor of drug use prior to birth?
variations in the metabolism of substances, neurotransmitters, genetic temperament, personality factros
27
what personality factors can impact genetics being a risk factor?
one's ability to interact with others where most focused on as it majorly impacts life
28
how is ethnicity dependent a protective factor of drug problems?
some cultures are protective because they involve family cohesion, rules and cultural norms, and parental supervision
29
how does ethnicity impact how a person feels, thus enhancing their protection from drug problems?
makes a person feel a sense of connection which is really important to them and why they exist
30
how can family networks be a protective factor?
because they can provide high levels of support wen someone is struggling
31
how can parental supervision be a protective or risk factor
the degree to which a parent is involved in the person's experimentation of drugs and alcohol
32
how can ethnicity be a risk factor?
Low SES communities, family trauma and social isolation
33
what are the indigenous risk factors?
they are NOT biological/genetic. it is rather poverty, disadvantage, cultural dispossession & exclusion and other cultural factors (e.g. charing cultures and lack of traditional rules for alcohol consumption)
34
How do Aboriginal people's drinking habits differ from other populations?
While Aboriginal people generally drink less than non-Aboriginal people, those who do are more likely to drink at hazardous levels. Unfortunately, many reports focus on these results rather than the fact that generally they drink less.
35
what does one mean by sharing cultures - in an indigenous context?
substance use occurrs in more public areas
36
what are the major risk factors that occur in infancy and pre-school?
parental neglect and abuse
37
what are the protective factors that occur during infancy and preschool?
easy temperament
38
what are the risk factors that occur in primary school?
early school failure, conduct disorders and aggression
39
what are the protective factors that occur in primary school?
social & emotional competence, shy and cautious temperament
40
what are the family factors that need to be considered when talking about risk factors?
Harmony vs conflict, family relationships / support
41
what is a parent to a child?
the primary model
42
how does the parent's modelling role become more or less of a risk factor?
modelling less influential than quality of relationships and parental family management techniques
43
what should a parent do in order to reduce risk factors?
model good behaviour relating to alcohol and substance use
44
how does academic failure or learning or behavioural difficulties at school become a risk factor?
may be both a contributor and result of drug use which leads to detachment from the school community and impacts self-perception
45
when does academic failure begin to predict late delinquency?
after grade 5 - academic achievements are starting to get teased about and it becomes who you are
46
what are some ongoing implications with regards to education being a risk factor?
poor academic performance can reduce and lead to lack of training or employment opportunities
47
how is education a protective factor?
enables pro-social contact (including positive relationships with adults), minimises boredom, enhances intelligence, development and identification of talents, explore future aspirations, environment that supports positive and healthy behaviours
48
what are the major risk factors in secondary scool?
low involvement in activities with adults, perceived high level of community drug use, community disadvantage and disorganisation, availability of drugs, positive media portrayal od drugs use, parent-adolescent conflict, favourable parental attitudes to drug use, Parental AOD problems, parental rules permitting drug use, not completing secondary schools, peers who use drugs, delinquency, sensation seeking and adventurous personality, favourable attitudes towards drug use
49
what are the protective factors of drug use in secondary school?
attachment to family, low parental conflict, parental communication and monitoring, religious involvement
50
What personality traits are risk factors?
rebelliousness, non-conformity, low sense of responsibility, resistance to authority, sensation seeking traits and adventurous personality
51
how does the age of initiation increase risks of drug problems?
early initiation increases risk of later abuse because of the developmental impact of drug use
52
what may be the reasons for earlier onsets of drug use?
peer associations, familial and societal norms (australia for example is a binge drinking culture), trauma and mental health isses
53
how are peer factors a major risk factor of drug abuse?
its not only peer pressure, but also, peers have a strong immediate influence on choices, peer modelling (social learning theory) and a shared sense of alienation, rebelliousness and sensation seeking
54
how does society/cultures affect alcohol and drug use?
social norms, legal responses, role models and help options
55
what are the major risk factors in adulthood?
frequent drug use in late adolescence, unemployment in early adulthood, mental health problems
56
what are the protective factors in adulthood?
well-managed environment for alcohol use, marriage in early adulthood
57
what are the risk factors in retirement/old age?
losing a spouse, retirement, loneliness & reduced social support, poor health
58
what are the protective factors in retirement/old age?
good health, social support
59
what are some general protective factors?
positive family relationships, healthy attachments/social bonding, proactive problem solving, development of special talents, personality and temperament, career goals and aspirations and above average intelligence
60
how can the development of special talents be a risk factor though?
it can lead to pro-drug using peer groups
61
how do positive family relationships provide a protective factor?
clear and consistent boundaries
62
how do positive healthy attachments and social bonding provide a protective factor?
stability and connectness
63
what did the rat park experiment indicate
that a sense of connection is a major protective factor. rats who were alone became addicted to drugs but rats who were in the rat part didnt even touch the drug. rats who became dependent after 57 days didnt touch drugs after entering rat park
64
what does having and not having drug problems come down to?
a balance between risk and protective factors
65
what does prevention mean?
“Prevention refers to measures that prevent or delay the onset of drug use as well as measures that protect against risk and reduce harm associated with drug supply and use” (Loxley et al., 2004)
66
what are we trying to prevent with regards to drugs?
drug use (or at least daily initiation and harms associated with drug use
67
what are the harms associated with drug use>
route of administration risks (needles), overdose/excessive use risks, avoidance of help seeking (e.g. due to legal concerns), risks of associated problems (e.g. accidents), harm to others (e.g. laws prohibiting smoking in public places)
68
rather than preventing something, what is another way to reduce drug use?
increasing resilience and other protective factors
69
what are the levels of prevention strategies?
primary - preventing uptake secondary - preventing harm tertiary - reducing harm
70
what does it mean to prevent uptake in prevention strategies?
preventing non-users starting or delaying first use (e.g. supply reduction methods, education on harms to developing body, school-based programs)
71
what does it mean to prevent harm in prevention strategies?
reduce the risks to experimental/social users and avoiding transition to more regular use or possible harms e.g. education on risks, advice on route of administration
72
what does it mean to reduce harm in prevention strategies?
reducing use or potential harms among regular users e.g. NPs, controlled drinking, drink driving campaigns
73
what are the targets of prevention strategies?
universal, selective and indicated
74
what does it mean by universal targets of prevention strategies
targeting the whole populations through campaigns and advertising programs
75
what does it mean by selective targets of prevention strategies
targeting subgroups with above-average risks through school-based programs, alcohol free communities
76
what does it mean indicated targets of prevention strategies?
targets individuals with detectable symptoms through counselling, advice lines, educational pamphlets
77
when should we target drug prevention??
as early as possible in the developmental pathway
78
what is the goal or purpose of prevention strategies
altering attitudes, enhancing knowledge, altering expectancies and behaviours associated with drug uses
79
what risk factors are often specifically targeted?
peer factors through educational involvement
80
what is the best way to prevent the risk factors?
use a combination of protective factors
81
what is there support for with regards to adolescent interventions of prevention?
support for classroom based education programs. these are more effective if they are interactive, time-intensive and led by the students.
82
what has been a good prevention strategy for tobacco use?
regulation of the price and availability of tobacco to young people
83
what is there lack of support for with regard to prevention of drug use in adolescents
effectiveness of recent alcohol price increases as more research is required
84
with regards to cigarettes, did the increase in tax in 2010 have any affect in reducing use?
YES a major decrease in cigarette and tobacco use was seen but it increased slightly after a year
85
with regards to cigarettes, did plain packaging have any affect in reducing use?
slight decrease, but rose back up
86
with regards to cigarettes, did the increase in tax in 2013 have any affect in reducing use?
YEs a major impact, but increased in early 2014
87
what did the APS say about the alcopops tax?
“While the ‘alcopop’ tax is an example of a targeted measure designed to offset the enticement of young people into an alcohol-soaked culture, such legislation—by itself—will not change Australia’s drinking culture.”
88
what are the universal interventions for illicit drug use?
diversion programs and prohibition
89
how does prohibition prevent drug use?
it may reduce drug use among non-users (primary) but there lacks evidence of its effects on current users
90
what are supports for the universal interventions of diversion programs and prohibition?
good support for effectiveness of drink driving lats in Aus, support for public education campaigns and faceted campaigns
91
what is the effectiveness of random breath testing on alcohol-related crashes in Australia/
overall there is a steady decrease in crashes, but it is up and down
92
in what areas do we need more information and research about?
* Pharmaceutical drug misuse * Binge drinking * Smoking * Emerging Psychoactive Substances * Ice use * Effective policy * Community prevention/parenting/family support

PYB159 (5 decks)

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