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PYB159 > 4. Determinants and Prevention > Flashcards

4. Determinants and Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Why do some people develop substance-related problems and others do not?

A

Because each person has a particular set of vulnerabilities or factors that make them more susceptible to substance-related problems.

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2
Q

what are the possible vulnerabilities of factors that make certain people more susceptible to substance related problems?

A

people’s ability to to cope that comes from support, resources, individual differences, attachment style and other sets of determinants that lead people to be more or less susceptible

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3
Q

how are drug disorders explained?

A

by a range of risk and protective factors from a range of levels - from individual to familial and societal contexts. however these factors may not directly influence drug use (e.g. low SES)

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4
Q

describe the causes for drug disorders

A

there is not an immediate or single cause. It is often a combination of different fators

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5
Q

what do risk factors predict?

A

initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life

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6
Q

what do protective factors do?

A

mediate or moderate risk factors

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7
Q

what is the key protective factor from drug disorders?

A

resilience

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8
Q

what is resilience?

A

the ability to be well adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment

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9
Q

what is the trend in the smoking in Australia since 1980s?

A

declined significantly

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10
Q

what is the trend of the percentage of people who havent smoked since 1991?

A

slowly increasing

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11
Q

what is the trend of the percentage of people who is an ex smoker since 1991?

A

slowly increased then very very slowly decrease

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12
Q

what is the trend of the percentage of people who smoke daily since 1991?

A

slowly decreasing

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13
Q

when was there a sudden spike in the number of opioid overdose deaths?

A

in 1999

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14
Q

why was there suddenly a spike in the number of deaths caused by opioid overdoses?

A

due to an influx of more pure opiates in Australia. and because it is so easy to overdose, people didnt know that a slightly bigger dose than usual could potentially kill

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15
Q

why was there a sudden drop in the number of deaths caused by opioid overdose in 2000?

A

because of a huge campaign for police and customs seizures which lead to a drought of heroin

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16
Q

what did the drought of heroine lead to?

A

increased use of amphetamines

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17
Q

what are determinants?

A

the range of risk and protective factors that make someone more or less likely to develop a drug use disorder

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18
Q

what are the risk factors that occur prior to birth?

A

social disadvantages, family breakdowns, genetic influences, maternal smoking and alcohol use

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19
Q

what are the protective factors that occur prior to birth?

A

birth outside australia

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20
Q

to what degree is social disadvantage or low SES a risk factor?

A

to a LARGE extent

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21
Q

where to the highest drug use and problems occur?

A

in areas with low SES characteristics

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22
Q

why do drug use and problems occur in areas with low SES?

A

Low Social Status and the increasing disparity between the rich and the poor have been noted to impact upon morbidity, morality, and other health-risk behaviours such as drug use. This most likely arises through economic discrepancies producing personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions, and conflict, which negatively influence physical and mental health, well-being, coping, and competence of individuals in the community.
• (Bonomo, 2004)

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23
Q

what childhood trauma causes higher risk of problems in later life?

A

abuse or neglect

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24
Q

how might people think drugs are helping them with trauma?

A

they can forget or numb the pain of the trauma which is a huge risk factor as it is almost direct in the way it works

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25
Q

how might trauma impact treatment of drug problems

A

make the client feel like they don’t have trauma and they dont need to be treated. Once you remove the drug, how will they cope?

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26
Q

in what ways can genetics be a risk factor of drug use prior to birth?

A

variations in the metabolism of substances, neurotransmitters, genetic temperament, personality factros

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27
Q

what personality factors can impact genetics being a risk factor?

A

one’s ability to interact with others where most focused on as it majorly impacts life

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28
Q

how is ethnicity dependent a protective factor of drug problems?

A

some cultures are protective because they involve family cohesion, rules and cultural norms, and parental supervision

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29
Q

how does ethnicity impact how a person feels, thus enhancing their protection from drug problems?

A

makes a person feel a sense of connection which is really important to them and why they exist

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30
Q

how can family networks be a protective factor?

A

because they can provide high levels of support wen someone is struggling

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31
Q

how can parental supervision be a protective or risk factor

A

the degree to which a parent is involved in the person’s experimentation of drugs and alcohol

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32
Q

how can ethnicity be a risk factor?

A

Low SES communities, family trauma and social isolation

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33
Q

what are the indigenous risk factors?

A

they are NOT biological/genetic. it is rather poverty, disadvantage, cultural dispossession & exclusion and other cultural factors (e.g. charing cultures and lack of traditional rules for alcohol consumption)

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34
Q

How do Aboriginal people’s drinking habits differ from other populations?

A

While Aboriginal people generally drink less than non-Aboriginal people, those who do are more likely to drink at hazardous levels. Unfortunately, many reports focus on these results rather than the fact that generally they drink less.

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35
Q

what does one mean by sharing cultures - in an indigenous context?

A

substance use occurrs in more public areas

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36
Q

what are the major risk factors that occur in infancy and pre-school?

A

parental neglect and abuse

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37
Q

what are the protective factors that occur during infancy and preschool?

A

easy temperament

38
Q

what are the risk factors that occur in primary school?

A

early school failure, conduct disorders and aggression

39
Q

what are the protective factors that occur in primary school?

A

social & emotional competence, shy and cautious temperament

40
Q

what are the family factors that need to be considered when talking about risk factors?

A

Harmony vs conflict, family relationships / support

41
Q

what is a parent to a child?

A

the primary model

42
Q

how does the parent’s modelling role become more or less of a risk factor?

A

modelling less influential than quality of relationships and parental family management techniques

43
Q

what should a parent do in order to reduce risk factors?

A

model good behaviour relating to alcohol and substance use

44
Q

how does academic failure or learning or behavioural difficulties at school become a risk factor?

A

may be both a contributor and result of drug use which leads to detachment from the school community and impacts self-perception

45
Q

when does academic failure begin to predict late delinquency?

A

after grade 5 - academic achievements are starting to get teased about and it becomes who you are

46
Q

what are some ongoing implications with regards to education being a risk factor?

A

poor academic performance can reduce and lead to lack of training or employment opportunities

47
Q

how is education a protective factor?

A

enables pro-social contact (including positive relationships with adults), minimises boredom, enhances intelligence, development and identification of talents, explore future aspirations, environment that supports positive and healthy behaviours

48
Q

what are the major risk factors in secondary scool?

A

low involvement in activities with adults, perceived high level of community drug use, community disadvantage and disorganisation, availability of drugs, positive media portrayal od drugs use, parent-adolescent conflict, favourable parental attitudes to drug use, Parental AOD problems, parental rules permitting drug use, not completing secondary schools, peers who use drugs, delinquency, sensation seeking and adventurous personality, favourable attitudes towards drug use

49
Q

what are the protective factors of drug use in secondary school?

A

attachment to family, low parental conflict, parental communication and monitoring, religious involvement

50
Q

What personality traits are risk factors?

A

rebelliousness, non-conformity, low sense of responsibility, resistance to authority, sensation seeking traits and adventurous personality

51
Q

how does the age of initiation increase risks of drug problems?

A

early initiation increases risk of later abuse because of the developmental impact of drug use

52
Q

what may be the reasons for earlier onsets of drug use?

A

peer associations, familial and societal norms (australia for example is a binge drinking culture), trauma and mental health isses

53
Q

how are peer factors a major risk factor of drug abuse?

A

its not only peer pressure, but also, peers have a strong immediate influence on choices, peer modelling (social learning theory) and a shared sense of alienation, rebelliousness and sensation seeking

54
Q

how does society/cultures affect alcohol and drug use?

A

social norms, legal responses, role models and help options

55
Q

what are the major risk factors in adulthood?

A

frequent drug use in late adolescence, unemployment in early adulthood, mental health problems

56
Q

what are the protective factors in adulthood?

A

well-managed environment for alcohol use, marriage in early adulthood

57
Q

what are the risk factors in retirement/old age?

A

losing a spouse, retirement, loneliness & reduced social support, poor health

58
Q

what are the protective factors in retirement/old age?

A

good health, social support

59
Q

what are some general protective factors?

A

positive family relationships, healthy attachments/social bonding, proactive problem solving, development of special talents, personality and temperament, career goals and aspirations and above average intelligence

60
Q

how can the development of special talents be a risk factor though?

A

it can lead to pro-drug using peer groups

61
Q

how do positive family relationships provide a protective factor?

A

clear and consistent boundaries

62
Q

how do positive healthy attachments and social bonding provide a protective factor?

A

stability and connectness

63
Q

what did the rat park experiment indicate

A

that a sense of connection is a major protective factor. rats who were alone became addicted to drugs but rats who were in the rat part didnt even touch the drug. rats who became dependent after 57 days didnt touch drugs after entering rat park

64
Q

what does having and not having drug problems come down to?

A

a balance between risk and protective factors

65
Q

what does prevention mean?

A

“Prevention refers to measures that prevent or delay the onset of drug use as well as measures that protect against risk and reduce harm associated with drug supply and use”

(Loxley et al., 2004)

66
Q

what are we trying to prevent with regards to drugs?

A

drug use (or at least daily initiation and harms associated with drug use

67
Q

what are the harms associated with drug use>

A

route of administration risks (needles), overdose/excessive use risks, avoidance of help seeking (e.g. due to legal concerns), risks of associated problems (e.g. accidents), harm to others (e.g. laws prohibiting smoking in public places)

68
Q

rather than preventing something, what is another way to reduce drug use?

A

increasing resilience and other protective factors

69
Q

what are the levels of prevention strategies?

A

primary - preventing uptake
secondary - preventing harm
tertiary - reducing harm

70
Q

what does it mean to prevent uptake in prevention strategies?

A

preventing non-users starting or delaying first use (e.g. supply reduction methods, education on harms to developing body, school-based programs)

71
Q

what does it mean to prevent harm in prevention strategies?

A

reduce the risks to experimental/social users and avoiding transition to more regular use or possible harms e.g. education on risks, advice on route of administration

72
Q

what does it mean to reduce harm in prevention strategies?

A

reducing use or potential harms among regular users e.g. NPs, controlled drinking, drink driving campaigns

73
Q

what are the targets of prevention strategies?

A

universal, selective and indicated

74
Q

what does it mean by universal targets of prevention strategies

A

targeting the whole populations through campaigns and advertising programs

75
Q

what does it mean by selective targets of prevention strategies

A

targeting subgroups with above-average risks through school-based programs, alcohol free communities

76
Q

what does it mean indicated targets of prevention strategies?

A

targets individuals with detectable symptoms through counselling, advice lines, educational pamphlets

77
Q

when should we target drug prevention??

A

as early as possible in the developmental pathway

78
Q

what is the goal or purpose of prevention strategies

A

altering attitudes, enhancing knowledge, altering expectancies and behaviours associated with drug uses

79
Q

what risk factors are often specifically targeted?

A

peer factors through educational involvement

80
Q

what is the best way to prevent the risk factors?

A

use a combination of protective factors

81
Q

what is there support for with regards to adolescent interventions of prevention?

A

support for classroom based education programs. these are more effective if they are interactive, time-intensive and led by the students.

82
Q

what has been a good prevention strategy for tobacco use?

A

regulation of the price and availability of tobacco to young people

83
Q

what is there lack of support for with regard to prevention of drug use in adolescents

A

effectiveness of recent alcohol price increases as more research is required

84
Q

with regards to cigarettes, did the increase in tax in 2010 have any affect in reducing use?

A

YES a major decrease in cigarette and tobacco use was seen but it increased slightly after a year

85
Q

with regards to cigarettes, did plain packaging have any affect in reducing use?

A

slight decrease, but rose back up

86
Q

with regards to cigarettes, did the increase in tax in 2013 have any affect in reducing use?

A

YEs a major impact, but increased in early 2014

87
Q

what did the APS say about the alcopops tax?

A

“While the ‘alcopop’ tax is an example of a targeted measure designed to offset the enticement of young people into an alcohol-soaked culture, such legislation—by itself—will not change Australia’s drinking culture.”

88
Q

what are the universal interventions for illicit drug use?

A

diversion programs and prohibition

89
Q

how does prohibition prevent drug use?

A

it may reduce drug use among non-users (primary) but there lacks evidence of its effects on current users

90
Q

what are supports for the universal interventions of diversion programs and prohibition?

A

good support for effectiveness of drink driving lats in Aus, support for public education campaigns and faceted campaigns

91
Q

what is the effectiveness of random breath testing on alcohol-related crashes in Australia/

A

overall there is a steady decrease in crashes, but it is up and down

92
Q

in what areas do we need more information and research about?

A
  • Pharmaceutical drug misuse
  • Binge drinking
  • Smoking
  • Emerging Psychoactive Substances
  • Ice use
  • Effective policy
  • Community prevention/parenting/family support

PYB159 (5 decks)

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