1. Introduction Flashcards
What are the influences of drug use in Australia?
- Media
- Film, television, music
- Personal experience
- Other peoples attitudes
- Myths
- Family history
How long has alcohol consumption been around?
at least 8000 years
How long has tobacco consumption been around?
thousands of years
how long has opium use been around?
7000 years age in Mesopotamia
Approximately how long have hallucinogen use been around?
9000 years
where has ephedrine been found and how far do they date back?
sites in Iraq and Asia dating back tens of thousands of years
Where were Hallucinogenic mushrooms mentioned in ancient times?
in ancient Hindu texts
how long has beer and wine been around?
8000 years
when was the first known use of cocaine
about 2000 years ago
In ancient times, how were drugs experienced?
experience was perceived as spiritual or supernatural, part of a process of improvement. it was also seen as a symbolic relationship with nature and the spirit world.
what was drug use restricted to in ancient times?
rites (religious ceremonies and acts) and ceremonies
what is behind the attempts to control and perceive social harm of drug use?
xenophobia, class, economic and political interests
What did the control of drugs lead to?
many forms of drug use being defined as problematic and socially distruptive
What drugs did Aboriginal people have access to before colonisation?
they had only limited contact with psychoactive substances - some plant-based stimulants and depressants used
what did the first fleet bring to Australia?
medicines, drugs and hemp seeds for protection from warm climates and tropical diseases
why did the government actively support the growing of hemp for the around 150 years after the first fleet?
provided land and other grants, popular as medicine, used as an intoxicant by members of the literati
what were the main drugs used in late 1800s?
opium and cocaine based stimulants
in the late 1800s, who were the common users of opium and cocaine based stimulants?
doctors/nurses, the middle-upper class, housewives and later by chinese immigrants
why did housewives in the late 1800s use opium and cocaine?
for depression and menstrual pain
what was herione sold as in the 1800s
as cough suppressor and cold medicine
what was morphine used for in the late 1800s?
to help teething children sleep
what as cocaine used for in the 1800s?
cured toothaches. dandruff, and used in medicinal tonics
what occurred in 1808 with regard to alcohol?
the rum rebellion
what was the rum rebellion?
On 26th January 1808, officers and men of the New South Wales Corps marched to Government House in Sydney in an act of rebellion against Governor William Bligh. Bligh was arrested and the colony was placed under military rule. This was the only time in Australian history that a government was overthrown by a military coup.
what occurred in the 1830s with regard to alcohol?
the Temperance Movement’ peaking during World War I/Great Depression. Prohibition of alcohol in states of Australia
what occurred in 1837 with regards to alcohol?
laws were passed to prevent Aboriginal access to alcohol
what is the six o’clock swill?
The six o’clock swill was an Australian and New Zealand slang term for the last-minute rush to buy drinks at a hotel bar before it closed. During a significant part of the 20th century, most Australian and New Zealand hotels shut their public bars at 6 pm. A culture of heavy drinking developed during the time between finishing work at 5 pm and the mandatory closing time only an hour later.
what were dangerous substances covered under until the 1890s?
dangerous substances were covered under the Poisons Acts of each colony
what were the first laws in Australia that prohibited certain drugs?
Immigration Act 1905 followed by laws against giving opium to Aboriginal people (except under urgent medical circumstances)
what was cannabis in 1938?
it was outlawed as the New Dug that Maddens victims. This was known as the Reefer Madness campaign
when did the Reefer madness campaign occur?
1936-39
what was the main objective of the Reefer madness campaign
that marijuana was a significant social problem
what was the result of the Reefer madness campaign?
new drug control laws were enacted (State and Federal)
what was the level of enforcement of drug laws prior to the late 1960s?
there were few law enforcement resources that were devoted to policing drug laws
what occurred with drug enforcement between the 1960s and 70s?
there was an increase in illicit drug use (herione, cannabis and LSD)
what was the increased enforcement of drug use between the 1960s-70s a part of?
it was part of political/social opposition to the Vietnam law
what occurred as a result of the enhanced enforcement of drugs?
drug trafficking developed when US servicemen were n leave, local drug markets expanded to meet their requirements
what were other factors of history that occurred in the 1960s -70s?
the were a growth in financial capacity and an increase in young people affected by unemployment. Most Australian states moved to a prohibitionist and criminal-justice orientation. Nixon;s war on drugs in Australia and Royal Commission
what occurred in the 1970/80s with regard to drug enforcement?
Australian drug policy mirrored the tough on drugs approach of the US. Thus penalties raised. This led to Australian policies conforming with other international approaches of the British and US
what did the enhanced enforcement of drugs in the 1970/80s lead to?
Increased stigmatisation (def: to get some mark of disgrace) of illegal drugs and those who used them
what occurred in 1985 with regard to the drug enforcement?
the policy of ‘harm-minimisation’ was introduced
what was the criticism of the notion of ‘harm-minimisation’
that it is overshadowed by a strongly prohibitionist agenda (“one pillar and two toothpicks”
was is LSD an abbreviation for?
Lysergic aci diethylamide
when and where was LSD discovered?
in 1938 in Switzerland
what was LSD used to treat in 1950s?
used to treat alcoholism, depression and obsessive disorders
what did US military studies in the 1960s discover about LSD?
It was dangerous and listed as a dangerous drug
what did LSD become in contemporary times?
It became popular with youth counter-culture and this continues today
What does Ecstasy MDMA stand for?
3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-Methylamphetamine
when was MDMA first made and where
1912 in Germany
what occurred with MDMA in 1950s?
there was US military experimentation
What occurred in the 1970s with MDMA
It was used clinically to successfully treat emotional disorders
when did MDMA become illegal in the US?
1985
where was MDMA very popular and when?
in the UK rave scene in the late 1980s
what is MDMA a part of in society today?
A part of youth culture however there are contradictions in the depiction of ecstasy in both mainstream and youth-focused media
who was albert hoffman?
Albert Hofmann (11 January 1906 – 29 April 2008)[1][2] was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann was also the first person to isolate, synthesize, and name the principal psychedelic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin.
what are the issues that may occur in the present and future with drugs
the development of new substances, which mimic already illegal drugs but circumvent drug laws. The constant increase in the range of drugs that are made available online also contributes to the issues. Furthermore, there are herbal, incense that are not made for human consumption but are being used to get high.
what are the significant difficulties drugs are causing to services?
it is ever changing, little known about the potential risks and little testing (metabolites) of these drugs
what are the current situations of AOD use?
it is now at stable levels, the introduction of prescription for medication, the ice epidemic, steroids, EPS
what is the status of illegal substances
increased detection, increased penalties, diversion programs, changing legislation
what is the status of alcohol issues?
one punch can kill campaign, binge drinking, lock out laws
what are the 7 themes common to drug wars?
- the notion of public menace
- political interests.
- increased criminal justice response
- media coverage
- portrayal of drug use as infectious
- the need to protect vulnerable target groups
- aggressive militaristic terminology
what is the notion of public menace?
a certain drug is associate with a particular group. thsu by vilifying (def: speak or write about abusively) deviant groups, social and economic factors associated with drug use are ignored, groups are scapegoated (def: blamed) as a way to maintain social control over increasingly disenfranchised populations
what is an example of the public interest theme of drug wars?
Harrison Narcotics Act 1914 to consolidate the medical professions control over narcotics
what does the increased criminal justice response prevent?
alternative responses to drug use
what are the influences of media coverage on drugs?
ensures the image of the problem fits the needs served by the dug war, while at the same time helping to spread perceptions of a problem to a wider population
with regard to the protrayal of drug use as infectious, what does the disease metaphor promote?
a morlistic flavour
what was there a shift from use to abuse?
becuase of the need to control perceived social harms and drugs are defined as problematic and socially disruptive
what is the role that the government has played in the manufacture, distribute and sale of drugs?
there were no large scale regulation of substances till the 20th century, war on drugs declared by President Nixon in 1971. and competing interests including health and social consequences, political interests and financial revenue
