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CE Geography at 13+ > 4. Demography (population and settlement) > Flashcards

4. Demography (population and settlement) Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the world evenly distributed?

A

No

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2
Q

Name an area that is densely populated

A

western europe

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3
Q

Name an area that is sparsely populated

A

central Australia

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4
Q

What two factors affect population density?

A

human and physical

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5
Q

What are the reasons why densely populated areas are dense (name human and physical factors)

A

Red = Physical
Black = Human

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6
Q

What are the reasons why sparsely populated areas are sparse (name human and physical factors)

A

Red = Physical
Black = Human

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7
Q

Sparsely populated

A

A small population, few
people, per km sq.

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8
Q

Densely populated

A

A high population, lots of
people, per km sq.

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9
Q

Population Density

A

the number of people / km2

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10
Q

Migration

A

the movement of people from one place to another.

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11
Q

International Migration

A

when people move from one country (the source) to another country (the host).

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12
Q

Rural-urban migration

A

movement of people from rural areas into towns or cities.

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13
Q

Why do people migrate?

A

Push and pull factors

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13
Q

What is a push factor?

A

what forces people to leave, for example: unemployment, low wages, war or conflict, lack of medical
care meaning illnesses go untreated; no clean water leading to diseases; poor schools leading to poor education
standards and little chance of getting a job.

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14
Q

What is a pull factor?

A

something which attracts people to an area or another country. It is basically the push factors reversed.
For example, more jobs and or higher wages, better education and health services, good medical services mean people
can be treated, improving life expectancy.

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15
Q

What is the population explosion causing?

A

overpopulation in
certain countries and worldwide.

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16
Q

What is overpopulation?

A

too many people in a
country for the resources available.

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17
Q

What are the consequences of overpopulation?

A

lack of food, clean water so diseases; pressure on services; pressure on housing leading to more shanty settlements; high energy needs, increasing pollution (Co2 emissions) - link to global warming and climate

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18
Q

When did the population explosion start?

A

1950

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19
Q

When was the population explosion expected to peak?

A

2100

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20
Q

Where is most of the population growth occurring?

A

developing countries

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21
Q

Why is the population growth occurring?

A

because birth
rates are higher than death rates causing a natural
increase in population.

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22
Q

Natural Increase

A

population growth due to the
number of births exceeding deaths. (NI=BR >DR)

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23
Q

Birth Rate

A

number of births per 1000 people/year

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24
Q

Death Rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 people/year

25
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

the number of babies that die before their first birthday per 1000.

26
Q

What is the population structure?

A

the number / proportion of people in each age range and broken into gender.

27
Q

What do population pyramids show?

A

the population structure of the country they represent.

28
Q

What are the 3 groups on a population pyramid

A
  1. Young Dependents: 0-15 age group, do not work and do not pay taxes.
  2. Economically Active: 16-65 age group, working age and can provide taxes.
  3. Elderly dependents: 65+, retired, so do not work and do not pay taxes.
29
Q

Life Expectancy

A

the average age an individual is expected to live to in a particular country or region.

30
Q

What features on the population pyramid are there in developing countries?

A

pyramids with a wide base this shows a high birth, however the top
is narrow and this shows a low life expectancy.

31
Q

What features on the population pyramid are there in developed countries?

A

pyramids with a narrow base this shows a low birth rate,
whereas the top is much wider than a developing country, showing a long life expectancy.

32
Q

What does the Demographic Transition Model show?

A

what happens to the population over time as countries develop.

33
Q

DMT

A

Demographic Transition Model

34
Q

Do developed countries have high birth rates?

A

no

35
Q

Do developing countries have high birth rates?

A

yes

36
Q

Will a developing countries’ population pyramid look the same forever?

A

No, developing countries should become more developed in time, as the DTM model shows. This means their population pyramids will change. The top of the pyramid will widen, as services improve, and the base will get narrower as less children are needed for work on farms, and women gain careers.

37
Q

Compare Developed and Developing countries.

A
38
Q

What is a settlement?

A

a place where people live. It can be a single dwelling or group of dwellings.

39
Q

What is a site?

A

the exact location of a settlement, you can find it on a map e.g. on top of a hill, in a
forest.

40
Q

What is a situation of a settlement?

A

The situation of a settlement relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and
natural e.g. south of a river, east of another settlement.

41
Q

What are the settlement site factors?

A

Physical factors: relief, water supply, soils, climate, defensive site,
shelter…
Human Factors: Transport links, economic activity etc.

42
Q

What do early settlers look for? (list 3 of the group)

A
  • Flat land, easy building.
  • Raw materials (wood and stone to
    build homes).
  • Water supply (for drinking, washing,
    cooking and transport).
  • Dry land (build without risk to
    flooding).
  • Defendable site (hilltop or river
    bend, to protect from enemies)
  • Good farm-land with fertile soils to
    grow crops.
  • Shelter to protect from bad weather
  • Transport links (i.e. low crossing
    point of a river).
43
Q

What are the Settlement Functions (list 3 of the group)

A

Residential function - Where people live.
* Industrial function - the location of factories.
* Commercial function - Shopping and leisure facilities.
* Service function - schools, hospitals, libraries, etc.
* Tourism function - the type of tourism depends on the settlement.
* Administrative function - local government offices.
* Route centre - where several important roads/ transport links will meet.

NB: The function of a settlement can change over time.

44
Q

Can settlements vary in shape and size?

A

yes

45
Q

What is settlement shape?

A

the way houses/or buildings are distributed in a geographic region.

46
Q

What is a nucleated settlement?

A

A nucleated settlement is where houses are closely grouped together around a central point such as a village green or church.

47
Q

What is a linear settlement?

A

A linear settlement is a group of buildings that is formed in a long line, often along a transport route or geographical feature like a road, river, or valley.

48
Q

What is a dispersed settlement?

A

A dispersed settlement is a type of rural settlement pattern where houses are spread out over a wide area.

49
Q

What is a settlement hiearchy?

A

a way of arranging settlements in order according to:
1. the population of the settlement
2. the number of services and functions the settlement has
3. the area the settlement covers.

50
Q

What do small settlements include?

A

low-order services/goods such as newsagents, post
office.

51
Q

What do large settlements include?

A

high-order
services such chain stores, hospitals, and also have low order services.

52
Q

What is a conurbation?

A

A region made up of a number of cities and large towns, which have formed one continuous urban area. This
extensive urban settlement is formed when two or more cities, which were originally separate, grow together to form a continuous
metropolitan region.

53
Q

What is the CBD?

A

(Central Business District) in the city centre is where most business and commerce are located.

54
Q

Urbanisation

A

the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. Currently, more than 50% of people in the world live
in urban areas and LICs are experiencing rapid urbanisation.

55
Q

What is sustainable?

A

using resources without damaging the environment for future generations

56
Q

What is a sustainable settlement?

A

A sustainable
settlement (i.e. city or town) offers a good quality of life to current residents without damaging the environment and
doesn’t reduce opportunities for future residents to enjoy.

57
Q

What are the features of a Sustainable Settlement?

A
  1. Transport (public transport, cycling lanes,
    convenient transport network);
  2. energy
    (renewable sources: wind, solar etc);
  3. food e.g.,
    local farms;
  4. waste disposal and management;
  5. green spaces (i.e. parks),
  6. public services and
    spaces;
  7. quality and affordable housing
58
Q

Urban regeneration

A

when an area is completely transformed by the refurbishment of buildings and landscape.

59
Q

Greenfield

A

an area of land that has not been built on before

60
Q

Brownfield

A

an unused or derelict area of urban land that has been built on previously. (i.e. old industrial area).

61
Q

Urban development in a sustainsble way (5)

List a case study and how it is sustainable

A

EAST VILLAGE - London
East Village has been designed to be sustainable in several ways.
1. Land that was previously derelict was put to good use by building new homes
2. Good cycling and walking routes encourage fewer people to use cars
3. Water is naturally filtered in ponds, then recycled to use for flushing toilets and irrigating trees
4. Energy comes from a combined heat and power (CHP) energy centre which generates electricity and provides heat
5. Each block has a green roof, with growing plants to slow drainage and provide a natural habitat for wildlife

Sustainable - using resources without damaging the environment for future generations.*

CE Geography at 13+ (6 decks)

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