4 D's

Question 1

what are the 4 D’s?

Answer 1

deviance
dysfunction
distress
danger

Question 2

Explain deviance as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 2

unusual, undesirable or bizarre behaviours

need to understand social norms of group - failure to conform = norm breaking (form of psychological abnormability)

Question 3

Evaluate deviance as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 3

difficult to use in diagnosis - different interpretations

Question 4

Example of using deviance as one of the 4D’s

Answer 4

Davies 2009 - paedophilia is a specific paraphilia - characterised by recurrent urges, fantasies existing over at least 6 months

Question 5

Explain Dysfunction as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 5

symptoms which distract, confuse or interfere with a person’s ability to carry out their usual roles

psychologists use a variety of objective measures, e.g. WHODAS II - questionnaire that looks at factors like a persons understanding on their environment, communication etc.

Question 6

Evaluate dysfunction as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 6

difficult to use in diagnosis - many life events and issues can be dysfunctional

Question 7

Example of dysfunction as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 7

Major depressive Disorder - must effect every day functioning, in more than one part of their life e.g. can’t work or socialise.

Question 8

Explain distress as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 8

whether someone with a disorder experiences negative feelings

Question 9

Evaluate distress as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 9

hard to measure - could not be able to function but have no feelings of distress + vice versa

Question 10

Example of distress as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 10

Hypochondriasis - fear or idea of having a disease - distress persists despite reassurance

Question 11

Explain danger as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 11

to others (violent behaviour) or the individual (suicidal thoughts)

Question 12

Evaluate danger as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 12

easy to measure/detect

Question 13

Example of danger as one of the 4 D’s

Answer 13

nicotine dependance

individual - smoking related illnesses

others - second hand smoke

Question 14

Evaluate the 4 D’s

Answer 14

lack of objectivity (W) - affects reliability (based of feelings + opinion) - requires detailed info

labelling (W) - peoples opinions can become distorted (media) - ‘self fullfilling prophecies’

application to diagnosis (S) - avoid error using all 4