4. Consolidation and expansion into Africa 1890-1914

Question 1

Key reasons for British Consolidation

Answer 1

Conservative Gov 1895 uphold territory even through force

Britain less hap hazardous, improved ports, markets and recourses

Limit fellow power advancements

Nationalism, controlling Africa was ‘duty’

Collapse of African goes from earlier Western influence

Question 2

Main causes of the 2nd Boer War 1899-1902

Answer 2

• political rivalry
• Rebel Boer group under Kruger who fought against Britain
• Britain had keen interests in gold mining
• influx of immigrants in Johannesburg, Dutch felt threatened
• failed conference in 1899

Question 3

Role of Individuals for causes of 2nd Boer War

Answer 3

• Cecil Rhodes, prime minister of Cape in 1890, economic interest
• Joseph Chamberlain colonial officer in 1895
• Milner broke talks with Kruger at Bloemfontein Conference
• Kruger’s government placed political restrictions on Uitlanders for Boer’s favour

Question 4

How Britain views S Africa before 2nd Boer War

Answer 4

• imperialist sought unification of S Africa under British flag
• importance of the Uitlanders where many spoke British

Question 5

How the Boers views S Africa before the 2nd Boer War

Answer 5

• Boer Republic decides that Britain intended to destroy their independence

Question 6

Jameson Raid New Year 1896

Answer 6

• force of 500 mounted police to cause tension in Transvaal by British
• embarrassing loss

Question 7

Impact of the Jameson Raid

Answer 7

• poor public opinion by British people
• Boers saw it as a deceleration
• Boers began to arm themselves

Question 8

Stage 1 of 2nd Boer War (Boers)

Answer 8

• Boer Offensive Oct 1899- Jan 1900 with Christmas period known as ‘black week’ as Britain suffered 3 losses
• Boer success in 3 towns (Ladysmith, Kimberly and Mafeking) and attacked when Britain had less troops

Question 9

Stage 2 of 2nd Boer War (Britain)

Answer 9

• British response in Jan to June 1900s with heavy reinforcements by Roberts and Kitchener to get back towns

Question 10

Stage 3 of 2nd Boer War (Boers)

Answer 10

• guerrilla warfare
• captured soldiers and supplied
• messed with communications and undertook raids
• Boers had good marksmen as many hunted

Question 11

Stage 4 of 2nd Boer War (Britain)

Answer 11

• scorched earth policy by Kitchener
• burnt down farms and developed block housing with barbed wire and troops
• displaced Boer and African families
• set up concentration camps

Question 12

Impact of concentration camps

Answer 12

• people died of starvation and disease
• British reaction at home, outrage
• concerned about civilisation mission

Question 13

Kitchener’s tactics were justified

Answer 13

• Victory most important
• guerrilla warfare is hard to stop
• war not prolonged
• deaths were not ‘intentional’

Question 14

Kitchener’s tactics we’re not justified

Answer 14

• woman taken from homes and I’ll treated
• burnt down local industry: farms
• can not justify the treatment of civilians
• damages British reputation

Question 15

Consequences of the Boer War

Answer 15

• moral and military dance
• shook British confidence as it took so long to defeat the Boers
• other places exposed due to them having to call on troops
• damages Jingoism

Question 16

What happened to the rule in S Africa after the 2nd Boer War

Answer 16

• Transvaal and other states became self governing under the crown

Question 17

Treaty of Vereeniging 1902

Answer 17

• sure for it all Boer forces and their arms to the British, but compensated 3mil
• promised self governing of the Transvaal and Orange Free State under British Empire
• Boer republic come under the sovereignty of the British Crown

Question 18

Overall impact of the Treaty of Vereeniging

Answer 18

• good for the Boers and Britain claimed control

- not mention of indigenous people which laid foundations for white dominance

Question 19

Why did ‘splendid Isolation’ end

Answer 19

Change in strategy post Boer War, review on military

Question 20

How Splendid Isolation left Britain vulnerable in Europe

Answer 20

German alliance with Austria-Hungary and then joined by Italy

Military agreements between Russia and France

Britain had conflict with many nations

Question 21

Threat of Russia

Answer 21

‘Great game’

Threat in Afghanistan which bordered India

Middle East as navy in Mediterranean, Suez

Question 22

Threat of Germany

Answer 22

Supplied Boers with weapons during Boer War

Send telegram to support Boers during Jameson Raid

Relations with Ottoman Empire threatened British Africa

Question 23

Agreements which ended Splendid Isolation

Answer 23

Britain, France, Russia ‘Triple Entente’ in 1907

Persia Gulf became Neutral

Afghanistan recognised as British ‘Sphere of Influence’

Question 24

Imperial conference 1911

Answer 24

Held due to threat of Germany

Dominions would offer support for an event of European conflict

Question 25

Army and Naval changes

Answer 25

Navy moved to North Sea

Army in mainland Europe

France reliance to protect Egypt