4. Circulation Flashcards
this system is an internal transport system
circulatory system
are microscopic blood vessels
capillaries
cnidarian and flatworms have ___
gastrovascular cavity
as multicellular animals evolved, becoming larger more complex, and having higher metabolic needs, their surface are to volume ratio INCREASE OR DECREASE
decrease
in this system, fluid is not always confined within vessels
open circulatory systems
what is not confined in an open circulatory system?
fluid
what is the fluid called in an open circular system?
hemolymph
where is open circulatory system found?
in arthropods and mollusks
hemolymph is returned to the heart via ______?
pores
in closed circulatory system, what is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
blood
in a closed circulatory system. a heart pumps blood through the _____ to the ______
arteries; capillaries
give an advantage of closed circular system over open circulatory system
blood flows faster
can selectively direct blood to specific tissues
can support higher levels of metabolic activity
what type of tissue is blood
fluid connective tissue
what hormone stimulates RBC production
erythropoietin
they originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
RBC
the most abundant blood cell
RBC
what is lacking in mammals’ red blood cells
nuclei and mitochondria
you make the antibodies to the antigen you don’t have
true
the clumping of particles together, occurs when incompatible antigen-antibody reaction
agglutination
blood vessel injury leads to a chain of reactions
fibrin
give the order process of blood clotting
platelets adhere, platelet plug forms, fibrin clot forms
what are the 3 layers that arteries and veins made of
endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue
why do veins have valves
to prevent backflow
are thin walls formed by a single layer of epithelial cells
capillaries
it is specialized for chemical exchange
capillaries
is the force blood exerts on the blood vessel walls
blood pressure
formula for blood pressure
BP= CO times R
does blood pressure decreases or increases as blood moves away from the heart
decreases
where is blood pressure the highest? lowest?
arteries; veins
how is blood pressure measured as?
systolic and diastolic pressure
this is caused by contraction of the ventricles
systolic pressure
this is the low pressure between contractions
diastolic pressure
what sends signals to the effectors
medulla oblongata
when blood pressure is constantly at or above 140/90, what happens?
hypertension
what are the effects of hypertension
increase the risk of blood clot formation
heart attacks, kidney failure, strokes
what is the double-walled fibrous sac in the heart
pericardium
