4 Carbs

Question 1

Are compounds containing C, H, and O

These are biomolecules that would contain carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

Contain C=O and –OH functional groups

Carbonyl contains carbon and oxygen that is connected
by a double bond

In hydroxyl group, we have the presence oxygen
covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom

Answer 2

Carbohydrates

Question 3

Some are reducing substances

Reducing substances: can reduce other compounds
and in order for a certain carbohydrate to be a reducing
substance, it should contain an active aldehyde and
ketone group

Examples: glucose, maltose, fructose, lactose, and
galactose

Non-reducing substances: do not have active an
aldehyde and ketone groups which cannot reduce
other compounds

Example is the most common non-reducing
substance, sucrose or table sugar

Answer 3

Carbohydrates

Question 4

can reduce other compounds
and in order for a certain carbohydrate to be a reducing
substance, it should contain an active aldehyde and
ketone group

Answer 4

Reducing substances

Question 5

do not have active an
aldehyde and ketone groups which cannot reduce
other compounds

Answer 5

Non-reducing substances

Question 6

do not have active an
aldehyde and ketone groups which cannot reduce
other compounds

Answer 6

Non-reducing substances

Question 7

primary source of energy for humans

Answer 7

Glucose

Question 8

contain three carbons

Answer 8

Trioses

Question 9

contain four carbons

Answer 9

Tetrose

Question 10

contain five carbons

Answer 10

Pentoses

Question 11

contain six carbons

Answer 11

Hexoses

Question 12

would have a carbonyl group located on the
terminal part

Answer 12

Aldose

Question 13

would have a carbonyl group located in the
middle and is connected to other carbon atoms

Answer 13

Ketose

Question 14

glucose, fructose, and galactose

simple sugar that cannot be
hydrolyzed into a simpler form

Answer 14

Monosaccharides

Question 15

maltose, lactose, and sucrose

Answer 15

Disaccharides

Question 16

form from the joining of two
carbohydrates molecules or two monosaccharides
joined by glycosidic linkage

Answer 16

Disaccharides

Question 17

raffinose and stachyose

Answer 17

Oligosaccharides

Question 18

(Oligosaccharides)
consists of 1 glucose, 1 fructose, 1 galactose
(trisaccharide)

Answer 18

Raffinose

Question 19

(Oligosaccharides)
2 galactose, 1 fructose, 1
glucose

Answer 19

Stachyose (tetrasaccharide)

Question 20

These are found in sugar bits (malasses) and in whole
grains

Answer 20

Oligosaccharides

Question 21

starch and glycogen

Answer 21

Polysaccharides

Question 22

contain more than 10 monosaccharides

Answer 22

Polysaccharides

Question 23

Structural arrangement of atoms in a given molecule

Answer 23

THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE COMPOUND

Question 24

dextrorotatory (hydroxyl group is located
on the right of fisher projection) / projected on
carbon 5

Answer 24

D series (prefix D-)

Question 25

Leverotatory (hydroxyl group is located on the left part of fisher projection) / projected on carbon 5

Answer 25

L series (prefix L-)

Question 26

Glucose is broken down into two- and three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid that can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle on conversion to acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).

Answer 26

EMBDEN – MEYERHOF PATHWAY

Question 27

This pathway requires oxygen --> aerobic pathway

Answer 27

EMBDEN – MEYERHOF PATHWAY

Question 28

Other substrates can enter in EMP

Answer 28

Glycerol, fatty acids, ketones, some amino acids

Question 29

(EMBDEN – MEYERHOF PATHWAY) is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Answer 29

Gluconeogenesis

Question 30

(EMBDEN – MEYERHOF PATHWAY) is the breaking down of glucose

Answer 30

Glycolysis

Question 31

Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconic acid, which permits the formation of ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH This pathway permits pentoses to enter the glycolytic pathway Function of NADP: protect the lipid bilayer and other cell enzymes from destruction

Answer 31

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

Question 32

Function of NADP

Answer 32

protect the lipid bilayer and other cell enzymes from destruction

Question 33

Function of NADP

Answer 33

protect the lipid bilayer and other cell enzymes from destruction

Question 34

Glucose is converted to glycogen for storage Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose-1- phosphate, which is then converted to uridine diphosphoglucose and then to glycogen by glycogen synthase

Answer 34

GLYCOGENESIS

Question 35

Once glucose enters a muscle cell, it remains as glycogen unless catabolized (Glycogenolysis) Synthesis of glycogen from glucose to glycogen

Answer 35

GLYCOGENESIS

Question 36

PATHWAYS IN GLUCOSE METABOLISM

Answer 36

Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis Lipogenesis Lipolysis

Question 37

plasma concentration is decreased

Answer 37

Glycolysis

Question 38

increased plasma concentration

Answer 38

Gluconeogenesis

Question 39

glucose concentration is elevated

Answer 39

Glycogenolysis

Question 40

decreased plasma concentration

Answer 40

Glycogenesis

Question 41

glucose concentration will be decreased

Answer 41

Lipogenesis

Question 42

glucose concentration will increase

Answer 42

Lipolysis

Question 43

Two main hormones that control blood glucose: insulin and glucagon produced by pancreas

Answer 43

REGULATION OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Question 44

Two main hormones that control blood glucose

Answer 44

insulin and glucagon produced by pancreas

Question 45

Is synthesized by the beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Answer 45

Insulin

Question 46

Normally released when glucose levels are high

Answer 46

Insulin

Question 47

Is responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

Answer 47

Insulin

Question 48

Regulates glucose by increasing glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis and inhibiting glycogenolysis Glycolysis or conversion of glucose from lactate to pyruvate

Answer 48

Insulin

Question 49

“Hypoglycemic agent”

Answer 49

Insulin

Question 50

It inhibits glycogenolysis because glycogenolysis is the formation of glucose from glycogen or the conversion of glycogen into consumable glucose units and you need to remember that insulin is the hormone only hormone that decreases blood sugar level that is why it is known as hypoglycemic agent.

Answer 50

“Hypoglycemic agent”