4) Carbohydrates Flashcards
critical low glucose
<40 mg/dL
RR glucose
74-100 mg/dL
critical high glucose
<400 mg/dL
fasting glucose normal
70-99 mg/dL
fasting glucose prediabetic
100-125 mg/dL
DM fasting glucose
≥126 mg/dL
2hr/random glucose normal
<140 mg/dL
2hr/random glucose prediabetic
140-199 mg/dL
2hr/random glucose DM
≥200 mg/dL
A1c normal
<5.7%
A1c prediabetic
5.7-6.4%
A1c DM
≥6.5%
OGTT criteria (50g drink)
≥140 g/dL
OGTT criteria (100g drink)
fasting ≥95 mg/dL
1 hour ≥180 mg/dL
2 hour ≥155 mg/dL
3 hour ≥140 mg/dL
gray tube
time limit
sodium fluoride
measure within 1 hour of draw
renal threshold for glucose
160-180 mg/dL
CSF glucose normal
RR
decreased levels indicate…
60-70% of serum glucose
50-80 mg/dL
infection
whole blood glucose is…
15% lower than serum glucose (less concentrated)
sample type for A1c
whole blood (purple top)
fasting glucose time period
8-10 hours
nothing but water PO
other body fluids glucose
90% of plasma glucose
formation of G6P from noncarb sources; ketone byproduct
gluconeogenesis
conversion of glucose to glycogen after heavy meal
glycogenesis
regulates glucose between meals
glycogenolysis
conversion of glucose or other hexoses into 3C molecules (lactate or pyruvate)
glycolysis
——- linkage forms disaccharides
glycosidic
> 10 monosaccharides linked
polysaccharide
glucose + fructose
sucrose
glucose + galactose
lactose
glucose + O2 + H2O → gluconic acid + H2O2
glucose oxidase
glucose + ATP → G6P + ADP
hexokinase
most accurate and common methodology for instruments
measures reducing substances in urine
primarily to detect galactosemia in children
CLINITEST/Benedict’s test
increase glucose levels by inhibiting insulin, glucagon, GH, and other hormones
from D cells of Islets
somatostatin
produced by adrenal medulla
fight or flight
inhibits insulin, increases plasma glucose
epinephrine
produced by adrenal cortex
stimulated by ACTH
increases plasma glucose
cortisol
produced by anterior pituitary
release cortisol
ACTH
produced by anterior pituitary
release stimulated by low glucose, low cortisol
GH
produced by thyroid
stimulated by TSH
increase plasma glucose
thyroxine
triiodothyronine