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Mercy CLS 5: Chemistry > 1. Intro to Chemistry > Flashcards

1. Intro to Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify methods used to purify water and which substances they target to reduce. (6)

A
  • prefiltration —initially traps particulates
  • distillation —liquid boiled, vaporized, and condensed for purification
  • reverse osmosis —water forced through semipermeable membrane; removes particulates, organics, bacteria, ionized and dissolved materials; does not remove gases
  • deionization — water passes through insoluble resin polymers; removes some or all ions; does not remove organics
  • carbon filters —activated charcoal removes organics
  • particulate filters —bacteria
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2
Q

List items that should be monitored during the water-purification process.

A

at minimum —resistivity and bacteria

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3
Q

List the criteria for Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water (CLRW). (5)

A
  • resistivity > 10 MΩ x cm at 25°
  • CFU < 10/mL
  • total organic carbon < 500 ppb
  • Silicates < 0.05 mg/L
  • water passed through 0.22 𝜇m filter for particulates
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4
Q

Distinguish the differences between Type A and Type B glassware.

A

A —more accurate; must be of certified accuracy
B —twice the durability, not as accurate; used in student labs

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5
Q

Assessing, setting, or correcting a device usually by comparing or adjusting it to match or conform to a reliable, known, and unvarying measure

A

calibration

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6
Q

performed after calibration

A

QC

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7
Q

resistivity

A

Electrical resistance in ohms measured between opposite faces of a 1.00-cm cube of an aqueous solution at a specified temperature

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8
Q

describe culturing water

A

allow to run for 1 min
aliquoted and plated
CFUs are determined

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9
Q

water for some chemical tests where CLRW is not adequate

A

special reagent water (SRW)

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10
Q

CLRW

A

clinical laboratory reagent water

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11
Q

types of reagent water, purification, use

A
  • type I —filtered, distilled, deionized multiple times —trace metal, iron, enzymes analyses
  • type II —double distilled —reagents, QC, standards
  • type III —washing glassware
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12
Q

least pure chemical grades

A

Practical
Technical
Commercial

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13
Q

ACS chemical grades

A

Analytical grade
Reagent grade

Ultrapure:
Spectrograde
Nanograde
HPLC grade

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14
Q

organization

Atomic weight standard (grade A)
Ultimate standard (grade B)
Primary standard (grade C)
Working standard (grade D)
Secondary substances (grade E)

A

International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (I U P A C)

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15
Q

Provides standard reference materials (SRMs) in solid, liquid, or gaseous form

A

National Institute of Standard and Testing (NIST)

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16
Q

impossible in clinical chemistry (versus analytical)

A

knowing the exact composition of the material

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17
Q

primary standard

A

Highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and purity.

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18
Q

Assigned a value after careful analysis. Used to verify calibration or accuracy/bias. Used in clinical chemistry.

A

Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)

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19
Q

advantages of reagents coming in kits

A
  • less human error/variability
  • less time consuming
  • less danger to techs (carcinogens)
  • less storage space
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20
Q

types of glassware

A
  • borosilicate
  • corex
  • low actinic
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21
Q

describe borosilicate glassware

A
  • high degree of thermal resistance
  • damaged by highly alkaline chemicals
  • should not be heated
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22
Q

describe corex glassware

A
  • strengthened chemically rather than thermally
  • 6 times stronger than borosilicate
  • resists clouding and scratching
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23
Q

describe low actinic glassware

A
  • amber or red color protects light sensitive substances
  • high thermal resistance
  • used to contain reagents, control materials, calibrators
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24
Q

4 types of plasticware

A
  • polypropylene
  • polyethylene
  • polycarbonate
  • polystyrene
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25
Q

May be flexible or rigid
Chemically resistant
Can be autoclaved

A

polypropylene

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26
Q

Test tubes, bottles, graduated tubes, stoppers, disposable transfer pipettes, volumetric pipettes, and test-tube racks
May bind or absorb proteins, dyes, stains, and picric acid

A

polyethylene

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27
Q

Used in tubes for centrifugation, graduated cylinders, and flasks.
Broad temperature range: -100 to +160°C.
Verty strong plastic, but not suitable for strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents

A

polycarbonate

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28
Q

Rigid, clear type of plastic
Should not be autoclaved
Used in capped graduated tubes and test tubes
Will crack and splinter when crushed

A

polystyrene

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29
Q

Almost chemically inert
Suitable for use at temperatures ranging from −270 to +255°C
Resistant to a wide range of chemical classes

A

Teflon

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30
Q

2 classes of pipettes

A
  • volumetric (transfer)
  • measuring
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31
Q

TD

A

to deliver
calibrated to deliver a known amount of liquid

32
Q

Bulb is closer to delivery tip
Accurate for viscous samples such as blood or serum

A

Ostwald-Folin pipette

33
Q

Does not have graduations all the way to the tip
Will have fluid remaining in the tip once dispersed

A

Mohr pipette

34
Q

Glass disposable pipette with a long skinny tip
Used with a blub (not disposable)

A

Pasteur pipettes

35
Q

air displacement vs positive displacement

A

air — Uses a piston device to facilitate aspiration and ejection of liquids

positive —Uses a capillary tip made of glass or plastic to transfer liquids

36
Q

methods of pipette calibration

A
  • gravimetric
  • Commercial photometric pipette-calibration products,
  • Calibration-service providers
  • Pipette Tracker
  • VC-100® Acid-Base Titration Pipet Verification System
  • PC S® Pipette Calibration System
37
Q

weight

A

a function of mass under the influence of gravity
equal to mass multiplied by gravity

38
Q

4 types of balances

A

Unequal-arm substitution balances
Magnetic force restoration balance
Top-loading balances
Electronic balances

39
Q

Operates on the principal of removing weights

A

unequal-arm substitution balance

40
Q

Operatves on the force required to put the balance back into equilibrium

A

magnetic force-restoration balance

41
Q

Operates on electromagnetic force compensation

A

electronic balance

42
Q

Damping or releasing the pan is accomplished by magnetism

A

Top-loading balance

43
Q

Single pan enclosed by sliding transparent doors

A

analytic balance

44
Q

calibration materials for balances

A

NIST class 1 weights —Available up to 250 mg
Class 2 balances —May be in excess of 1000 grams (g)

45
Q

balance capacity

A

Maximum load one can weigh

46
Q

balance accuracy

A

Closeness of the agreement between the measured result and the true value

47
Q

balance linearity

A

Ability of a balance to follow the linear relationship between load and the displayed value

48
Q

balance readability

A

Smallest increment of weight that can be read on the display

49
Q

balance repeatability

A

Ability of a balance to produce the same result for repeated weighing of the same load under the identical measurement conditions

50
Q

main 3 centrifuge components

A

Motor.
Drive shaft.
Rotor assembly.

51
Q

Centrifuge motors use ————– to facilitate creation of electromagnetic fields that ultimately make the drive shaft turn.

A

carbon brushes

52
Q

Method of comparing the force generated by various centrifuges on the basis of their speeds of rotation and distances from the center of rotation

A

relative centrifugal force (RCF)

53
Q

RCF empirical factor

A

1.118 x 10^-5

54
Q

RCF equation

A

(1.118 x 10^-5)(r)(rpm)^2 = RCF

55
Q

5 types of centrifuges

A

Swinging-bucket rotor
Fixed-angle rotor
Air-driven ultracentrifuge
Ultracentrifuge
Refrigerated

56
Q

Describe swing-bucket centrifuge

A
  • used to separate cells from serum
  • RCF is 1000-1200 x g
  • 5-10 min centrifuge times
  • allows tubes to assume horizontal position
57
Q

Describe fixed-angle centrifuges

A
  • tubes centrifuged at 25-52°
  • faster spin
  • used for STAT samples
58
Q

Describe air-driven centrifuges

A
  • Functions by directing compressed air onto grooves that are etched into the outer surface of the fixed-angle rotor
  • used to remove lipid particles from lipemic specimens
59
Q

Describe ultracentrifuge

A
  • big
  • can be around 100,000 rpms
  • used to fractionate lipoproteins, perform drug-binding assays, prepare tissue for hormone receptor assays
60
Q

2 types of water baths

A

circulating
noncirculating

61
Q

1:1000 dilution of ——– can prevent bacterial growth in a water bath

A

thimerosal

62
Q

define mixing

A

Operation intended to form a homogeneous mass or create a uniform homogeneous system

63
Q

C to F

A
64
Q

Transducer that converts changes in temperature (heat) to resistance

A

Thermistor

65
Q

Sensor that consists of two dissimilar metals joined together at one end

Used to take temp quickly

A

Thermocouple

66
Q

common dye in mercury-free thermometers

A

organic red spirit

67
Q

thermometers should be verified at —- or —– intervals

A

6 month or 12 month

68
Q

metric prefixes

A
69
Q

density

A

Amount of matter (weight) per unit volume of substance

70
Q

specific gravity

A

Method of measuring density

71
Q

assay by weight

A

Represents the purity of the solute contained in the solution

72
Q

Equal to the number of gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution

A

normality

73
Q

% w/v

A

number of parts of solute in 100 parts solution

% = g solute/100 mL solution

74
Q

salt molecules that can combine with water

A

hydrates

75
Q

dilution

A

Represents the ratio of concentrated or stock material to the total final volume of a solution and consists of the volume or weight of the concentrate plus the volume of the diluent, with the concentration units remaining the same.

76
Q

dilution factor

A

Ratio of concentrated or stock solution to the total solution volume

77
Q

analytical balance range

A

0.01 mg to 160 g

Mercy CLS 5: Chemistry (24 decks)

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