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Biology > 4: biological molecules > Flashcards

4: biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are biological molecules?

A

organic molecules

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2
Q

what is the purpose of biological molecules?

A

to provide energy and raw materials for the growth and repair of tissues

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3
Q

what are the 4 main groups of biological molecules?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
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4
Q

what is a monomer?

A

a single repeating molecule that can be joined with other identical ones to form a polymer through the process of polymerisation

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of polymers?

A
  • natural polymers
  • industrial polymers
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6
Q

list down examples of natural polymers

A
  • cellulose
  • rubber
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7
Q

list down examples of industrial polymers

A
  • PVC
  • polyester
  • polythene
  • nylon
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8
Q

what are the polymers for carbohydrates?

A

polysaccharides

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9
Q

what are the polymers for proteins?

A

polypeptides

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10
Q

what are the polymers for nucleic acids?

A

polynucleotides

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11
Q

what are the polymers for lipids?

A

lipids are non-polymers

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12
Q

list down 3 monosaccharides of carbohydrates

A

galactose, fructose, glucose

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13
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A
  • an easily soluble sugar unit containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • they are all reducing sugars
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14
Q

what is the difference between monosaccharides and monomers?

A

monosaccharides are the monomers that make up carbohydrates whilst monomers are the building blocks of larger organic molecules

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15
Q

what are the 2 main biological roles of monosaccharides?

A
  • primary energy source (releases ATP from C–H bonds)
  • building blocks (repeated glucose molecules build-up)
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16
Q

how does the formation of a disaccharide like maltose happen?

A

two glucose molecules meet, and when the reaction takes place, the hydrogen bonds with the hydroxide and so water is expelled

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17
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of molecule of water

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18
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

a larger molecule forms two or more smaller molecules and consumes a molecule of water

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19
Q

what are the disaccharides that are reducing sugars?

A

lactose and maltose

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20
Q

what reactants form sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose (plant sap)

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21
Q

what reactants form maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

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22
Q

what reactants form lactose?

A

glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

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23
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A
  • polymers with subunits of monosaccharides formed by repeated condensation
  • they ARE NOT sugars
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24
Q

what is starch?

A
  • compact, inert and insoluble store of glucose
25
Q

what can starch be used for?

A
  • fuel store in plants
  • to make cellulose for germinating seeds
26
Q

what is the animal equivalent of starch?

A

glycogen

27
Q

what is cellulose?

A
  • a polymer of glucose
  • the most abundant organic molecule
28
Q

what are lipids?

A

hydrophobic organic molecules that are insoluble in water

29
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

a series of acids found in fats

30
Q

what is a triglyceride?

A

when a molecule of glycerol joins with 3 fatty acid molecules

31
Q

why are triglycerides not polymers?

A

because fatty acids are not made out of repeating subunits

32
Q

what are the two types of fatty acids?

A

saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

33
Q

explain saturated fatty acids

A
  • fatty acids with the max. number of hydrogen atoms
  • does not have double bonds
34
Q

explain unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • fatty acids w/out the max. number of hydrogen atoms
  • has double bonds
35
Q

what are the biological functions of lipids? [5]

A
  • important for making cell membranes
  • shock absorbers
  • insulation
  • energy store
  • buoyancy
36
Q

what are fats used for?

A

for the production and storage of energy

37
Q

what are amino acids?

A
  • building blocks of protein
  • contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
38
Q

what is an R group of an a.a?

A

it gives the unique characteristics and 3D shape

39
Q

what are proteins?

A

polymers made up of a.a

40
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

many a.a linked together by peptide bonds

41
Q

how is a polypeptide formed?

A

by condensation

42
Q

where are a.a linked?

A

at the ribosomes

43
Q

primary structure of protein

A
  • backbone of a peptide chain
  • particular a.a and its sequence
44
Q

secondary structure of protein

A

when sections of the primary structure start interacting with other sections of the same chain

45
Q

list the properties of a.a [2]

A
  • soluble; easily transportable to do chemical reactions in the cytoplasm
  • sequence determines the shape and function of the protein
46
Q

what is a globular protein?

A

4 polypeptide chains packed closely together

47
Q

why do sickle cells happen?

A
  • the a.a glutamic acid is replaced with valine, which is non-polar and therefore less soluble, resulting in a sickle shaped cell
48
Q

what is a fibrous protein?

A

polypeptide chains lying parallel to each other

49
Q

what are the differences between fibrous and globular protein? [3]

A
  • g: spherical shape, f: long thin fibres
  • g: folded peptide chains, f: parallel peptide chains
  • g: metabolic, transport & protective function; f: structural & contractile function
50
Q

what is denaturation?

A

process where proteins loses its specific 3D shape, disallowing it to perform its normal biological function

51
Q

what can denaturation be caused by?

A
  • heat
  • pH
  • heavy metals

^all these break the bonds

52
Q

what is DNA?

A

the material that makes up our genes and chromosomes

53
Q

what is DNA made of?

A

nucleotides

54
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

many nucleotides linked in a long chain

55
Q

what are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A
  1. sugar group
  2. phosphate group
  3. nitrogenous base group
56
Q

what are the nitrogenous base group components and the pairings?

A

A, C, T, & G
- G & C
- A & T

57
Q

what does the sequence of the nitrogenous base pairings do?

A

determines the proteins that are made in a cell

58
Q

what is the difference between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA is usually single-stranded while DNA forms a double-helix structure

59
Q

list the importance of nucleic acids [2]

A
  • carries the genetic code which holds the genetic info
  • sequence of bases determines the sequence of a.a

Biology (6 decks)

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