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biology - inuola > 4. Biological Molecules > Flashcards

4. Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 categories do most molecules in living organisms fall into?

A

carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

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2
Q

What do all organic molecules contain?

A

Carbon

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3
Q

What chemical elements do carbohydrates include?

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen

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4
Q

What chemical elements do proteins include?

A

All contain C, O2, H2 and nitrogen

- some contain small amounts of other elements such as sulphur

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5
Q

What chemical elements do lipids include?

A

C, O2, H2

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6
Q

What is the structure of carbohydrates?

A

Long chains of simple sugars

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7
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

a monosaccharide

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8
Q

What is formed when 2 glucose molecules join together?

A

maltose is formed (a disaccharide)

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9
Q

What happens when lots of glucose molecules join together? Examples?

A

When lots of glucose molecules join together starch, glycogen or cellulose can form (a polysaccharide)

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10
Q

What are most fats made up of?

A

Most fats (lipids) in the body are made up of triglycerides

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11
Q

What is 1 basic unit of triglycerides made up of?

A

1 glycerol molecule chemically bonded to 3 fatty acid chains

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12
Q

What are lipids divided into?

A

Lipids are divided into fats (solids at room temperature) and oils (liquids at room temperature)

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13
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids

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14
Q

How are enzymes’ shapes different?

A

Enzymes have an area in them known as the active site – this is important as this is the place where another molecule fits into the enzyme in order for a reaction to take place

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15
Q

What happens if the shape of the active site does not match the shape of the molecule?

A

If the shape of the active site does not match the shape of the molecule that fits into it, the reaction will not take place

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16
Q

Do active sites in enzymes differ?

A

Every enzyme has a different shaped active site

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17
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Antibodies are proteins produced by certain types of white blood cell to attach to antigens on the surface of pathogens

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18
Q

What must the shape of the antibody match?

A

The shape of the antibody must match the shape of the antigen so that it can attach to it and signal it for destruction

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19
Q

What gives rise to different shapes of protein and what does this give proteins?

A
  • The different sequences of amino acids cause the polypeptide chains to fold in different ways and this gives rise to the different shapes of proteins
  • In this way every protein has a unique 3-D shape that enables it to carry out its function
20
Q

What test is used for testing for reducing sugars?

A

Benedicts test

21
Q

Describe the procedure for a test for reducing sugars/glucose

A
  • Add Benedict’s solution into sample solution in test tube
  • Heat at 60 – 70 °c in water bath for 5 minutes
  • Take test tube out of water bath and observe the colour
  • A positive test will show a colour change from blue to orange or brick red
22
Q

What safety precautions are necessary with the Benedict’s test?

A
  • handle test tube with tongs

- wear safety googles and heatproof gloves

23
Q

What test can be used to test for starch?

A

Iodine test

24
Q

Describe procedure for a test for presence of starch

A
  • Add drops of iodine solution to the food sample

- A positive test will show a colour change from orange-brown to blue-black

25
Q

What test is used to test for protein?

A

Biuret test

26
Q

Describe procedure for a test for presence of protein

A
  • Add drops of Biuret solution to the food sample

- A positive test will show a colour change from blue to violet / purple

27
Q

What test is used to test for lipids?

A

emulsion test

28
Q

Describe procedure for a test for presence of lipids

A
  • Food sample is mixed with 2cm3 of ethanol and shaken
  • The ethanol is added to an equal volume of cold distilled water
  • A positive test will show a cloudy emulsion forming
29
Q

Describe procedure for a test for presence of vitamin C

A
  • Add 1cm3 of DCPIP solution to a test tube
  • Add a small amount of food sample (as a solution)
  • A positive test will show the blue colour of the dye disappearing
    (DCPIP goes from blue to colourless if positive)
30
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

31
Q

Definition of DNA

A

molecule that contains the instructions for growth and development of all organisms

32
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

It consists of two strands of DNA wound around each other in what is called a DOUBLE HELIX

33
Q

What are the individual units of DNA called?

A

NUCLEOTIDES

34
Q

What similarities do nucleotides have and what one difference?

A

All nucleotides contain the same phosphate and deoxyribose sugar, but differ from each other in the base attached

35
Q

What are the 4 different bases?

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Guanine (G)

36
Q

How are the bases joined?

A

The bases on each strand pair up with each other, holding the two strands of DNA in the double helix

37
Q

In what way do the bases pair up?

A
  • Adenine always pairs with Thymine (A-T)

- Cytosine always pairs with Guanine (C-G)

38
Q

What forms the backbone of the DNA?

A

The phosphate and sugar section of the nucleotides form the ‘backbone’ of the DNA strand (

39
Q

Overall summary of the structure of the DNA helix

A

The DNA helix is made from two strands of DNA held together by hydrogen bonds

40
Q

What holds the code for the formation of proteins?

A

It is this sequence of bases that holds the code for the formation of proteins

41
Q

Why is water important (generally)?

A

Water is important for all living organisms as many substances are able to dissolve in it (it is a solvent)
This makes it incredibly useful and essential for all life on Earth

42
Q

What is water’s role with dissolved substances?

A

Dissolved substances can be easily transported around organisms – eg xylem and phloem of plants and dissolved food molecules in the blood

43
Q

What is water’s role with digested food molecules?

A

Digested food molecules are in the alimentary canal but need to be moved to cells all over the body – without water as a solvent this would not be able to happen

44
Q

What is water’s role with toxic substances?

A

Toxic substances such as urea and substances in excess of requirements such as salts can dissolve in water which makes them easy to remove from the body in urine

45
Q

What is water’s role with cytoplasm?

A

Water is also an important part of the cytoplasm and plays a role in ensuring metabolic reactions can happen as necessary in cells

biology - inuola (22 decks)

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