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biology - inuola > 1. Characteristics & Classification of Living Organisms > Flashcards

1. Characteristics & Classification of Living Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Movement definition

A

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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2
Q

Respiration definition

A

the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy for metabolism

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3
Q

Sensitivity definition

A

the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses

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4
Q

Growth definition

A

a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both

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5
Q

Reproduction definition

A

the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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6
Q

Excretion definition

A

the removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements

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7
Q

Nutrition definition

A

the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds, ions and usually need water

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8
Q

Species definition

A

A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

In what ways can species be classified into groups

A

These species can be classified into groups by the features that they share

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10
Q

How are organisms classified in a binomial system?

A

He named organisms in Latin using the binomial system where the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts starting with the genus (always given a capital letter) and followed by the species (starting with a lower case letter)

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11
Q

What is the sequence of classifications for the binomial system?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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12
Q

Why do organisms share features?

A

Organisms share features because they originally descend from a common ancestor

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13
Q

In what way did organisms use to be classified?

A

Originally, organisms were classified using morphology (the overall form and shape of the organism, e.g. whether it had wings or legs) and anatomy (the detailed body structure as determined by dissection)

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14
Q

What allowed us to classify organisms more accurately?

A

As technology advanced, microscopes, knowledge of biochemistry and eventually DNA sequencing allowed us to classify organisms using a more scientific approach

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15
Q

What does it show if the base sequences in the DNA of two species are similar?

A

Studies of DNA sequences of different species show that the more similar the base sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species are (and the more recent in time their common ancestor is)

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16
Q

What do the cells of all living organisms contain?

A

The cells of all living organisms contain the following:

  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • DNA as genetic material (either found in the nucleus or free in the cytoplasm)
  • ribosomes
  • enzymes
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17
Q

Where can enzymes be found in a cell and what are they used for?

A

Enzymes for respiration (in many, but not all types of cells, found in mitochondria

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18
Q

What is the first division of living things in the classification system?

A

the five kingdoms

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19
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms of classification?

A 
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protoctists
Prokaryotes
20
Q

What are the main features of all animals?

A
  • they are multicellular
  • their cells contain a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts
  • they feed on organic substances made by other living things
21
Q

What are the main features of all plants?

A
  • they are multicellular
  • their cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls
  • they all feed by photosynthesis
22
Q

What are the main features of all fungi?

A
  • usually multicellular
  • cells have nuclei and cell walls not made from cellulose
  • do not photosynthesise but feed by saprophytic (on dead or decaying material) or parasitic (on live material) nutrition
23
Q

What do the cell walls of fungi cells contain?

A

chitin

24
Q

What are the main features of all protoctists?

A
  • most are unicellular but some are multicellular
  • all have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts
  • meaning some protoctists photosynthesise and some feed on organic substances made by other living things
25
Q

What are the main features of all prokaryotes?

A
  • often unicellular

- cells have cell walls (not made of cellulose) and cytoplasm but no nucleus or mitochondria

26
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made from?

A

peptidoglycan

27
Q

What are the 5 classes of vertebrates?

A
  • mammals
  • birds
  • reptiles
  • amphibians
  • fish
28
Q

What do all vertebrates have?

A

a backbone

29
Q

What main features do mammals have?

A
  • fur/hair on skin
  • have a placenta
  • young feed on milk from mammary glands
  • external ears (pinna) visible
  • warm-blooded
30
Q

What main features do birds have?

A
  • skin covered in feathers
  • have 2 legs and 2 wings instead of forelimbs
  • lay eggs with hard shell on land
  • have a beak
  • warm-blooded
31
Q

What main features do reptiles have?

A
  • dry, fixed scales on skin
  • lay eggs with rubbery shells on sand
  • cold-blooded
32
Q

What main features do amphibians have?

A
  • smooth, moist skin
  • adults usually live on land (so have lungs)
  • larvae live in water (so have gills)
  • lay eggs without shells in water
  • cold-blooded
33
Q

What main features do fish have?

A
  • loose, wet scales on skin
  • gills to breathe
  • lay eggs without shells in water
  • cold-blooded
34
Q

What characteristic do all arthropods have?

A

they have jointed legs

35
Q

What main features do myriapods have?

A
  • body consists of many segments
  • each segment contains at least 1 pair of jointed legs
  • 1 pair of antennae
36
Q

What main features do insects have?

A
  • 3 part body (head, thorax and abdomen)
  • 3 pairs of jointed legs
  • 2 pairs of wings
  • 1 pair of antennae
37
Q

What main features do arachnids have?

A
  • 2 part body - cephalothorax and abdomen
  • 4 pairs of jointed legs
  • no antennae
38
Q

What main features do crustaceans have?

A
  • more than 4 pairs of jointed legs
  • chalky exoskeleton formed from calcium
  • breathe through gills
  • 2 pairs of antennae
39
Q

What features do all plants need to have?

A

At least some parts of any plant are green, caused by the presence of the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of photosynthesis

40
Q

What 2 examples of plants are in the plant kingdom?

A

Ferns and flowering plants

41
Q

What features do ferns have?

A
  • Have leaves called fronds

- Do not produce flowers but instead reproduce by spores produced on the underside of fronds

42
Q

What features do flowering plants have?

A
  • Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
  • Seeds are produced inside the ovary found at the base of the flower
  • Can be divided into two groups – monocotyledons and dicotyledons
43
Q

What features do monocotyledons have?

A
  • Flowers contain petals in multiples of 3

- parallel leaf veins

44
Q

What features do dicotyledons have?

A
  • Flowers from dicotyledons contain petals in multiples of 4 or 5
  • Leaves from dicotyledons have reticulated leaf veins (meaning that they are all interconnected and form a web-like network throughout the leaf)
45
Q

Are viruses part of any classification systems? Why?

A

Viruses are not part of any classification system as they are not considered living things

46
Q

How do viruses survive?

A

They do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves, instead they take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways in order to make multiple copies of themselves

47
Q

What does a virus contain?

A

Virus structure is simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat

biology - inuola (22 decks)

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