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Year 10 Science > 4. Biogenetics > Flashcards

4. Biogenetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that occurs during reproduction.

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2
Q

What is cell division?

A

When a cell is able to split, creating 2 identical daughter cells (copies)

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3
Q

What is the product of meiosis?

A

Meiosis produces half the number amount of chromosomes found in a cell.

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are in a regular human?

A

46 chromosomes.

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5
Q

What happens if an organism is born with one less chromosome?

A

Being born with one less chromosome is fatal to any organism and most commonly results in death.

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6
Q

What happens when an organism is born with one more chromosome than usual?

A

Birth with one less chromosome results in down syndrome.

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7
Q

What does meiosis occur within?

A

Male/female sex cells called gametes.

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8
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A mature haploid male/female cell which is able to engage in sexual reproduction and form a zygote. (haploid)

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9
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell as a product of gamete fusion.

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10
Q

What happens after a zygote is created?

A

The zygote must undergo mitosis for create more cells (and then an individual).

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11
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Nuclear cell division. Occurs after a zygote is created.

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12
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of cytoplasm within a plant.

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13
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are within an individual?

A

23.

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14
Q

What does ‘diploid’ mean?

A

The complete set of chromosomes (46 in a regular human). Collectively, diploid cells are represented as ‘2n’.

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15
Q

What does ‘haploid’ mean?

A

Half chromosomes found within a human (26). Collectively referred to as ‘n’.

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16
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Any biological cell forming the body of an organism. (diploid)

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17
Q

Are chromosomes singular?

A

No. Chromosomes are always matched into pairs (haploid).

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18
Q

What does ‘homologous’ mean?

A

Homologous is a term used to describe similar chromosomes.

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19
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

A thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found within the nucleus of most living cells. Chromosomes carry the genetic information through the form of ‘genes’.

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20
Q

What do chromosomes carry?

A

Information of the same inherited characteristics.

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21
Q

What does each chromosome pair contain?

A

One mother and one father chromosome.

22
Q

What does ‘maternal’ mean?

A

A gene related to the mother.

23
Q

What does ‘paternal’ mean?

A

A gene related to the father.

24
Q

What is random segregation?

A

A principle of genetics during meiosis. It states that two separated chromosomes are paired and distributed randomly to produce gamete cells.

25
Q

What is common between mitosis and meiosis?

A
  • Both are a form of cell division.
26
Q

What is different between mitosis and meiosis.

A
  • Mitosis produces identical diploid cells.
  • Meiosis produces two different cell divisions, where four haploid daughter cells are produced.
  • Each are genetically different.
27
Q

What is external fertilisation?

A

A form of fertilisation that occurs outside the body, where gametes are ejected into water and randomly find pairs. There is still no control over what gametes meet.

28
Q

What is Deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA is a molecule consisting of information that influences the characteristics of an organism. DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.

29
Q

What is the term used to describe the shape of DNA?

A

A double helix.

30
Q

What is inside the sides of a double helix?

A

The long, twisted ladder-like shape consists of differing sugar and prosphate molecules.

31
Q

What is inside the ‘ladder’ of the double helix?

A

Differing bases. Created from either C, T, A or G.

32
Q

Who discovered the double-helix shape of DNA

A

Scientists James D. Watson and Dracis Crick. Published in April, 1953.

33
Q

How closely are chromosomes linked with DNA?

A

Very closely. Chromosomes are made up of the DNA chemical.

34
Q

How closely are genes related to chromosomes?

A

Very closely. Genes are inside chromosomes.

35
Q

What are inside proteins?

A

Amino acids.

36
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

The bases of a DNA strand comprised of, A, T, G and C.

37
Q

If one half of a DNA base consists of the bases AGCTAC, then what would the other half be.

A

A -> T
G -> C
Therefore AGCTAC =
TCGATG.

38
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis (in order)?

A
  1. Prophase.
  2. Metaphase.
  3. Anaphase.
  4. Telophase and Cytokinesis.
39
Q

Why are human beings unique?

A

Because of the multiple genes they have inherited from their parents.

40
Q

What are inherited characteristics?

A

Characteristics inherited from the parents of an offspring. Can affect many different parts of the body such as eye colour and earlobe shape.

41
Q

What are acquired characteristics.

A

Characteristics acquired through environmental factors such as scars.

42
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

All the observable characteristics of an organism.

43
Q

What are genotypes?

A

Every piece of genetic information within an organism.

44
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

Gregor Mendel was a once religious person primarily known for his work in observing meiosis. Commonly referred to as the ‘father of genetics’.

45
Q

What is heredity?

A

Passed on genetic information (variation of ‘heritage’).

46
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

Mating between two organisms with different alleles.

47
Q

What are Mendel’s three laws

A
  1. Law of segregation.
  2. Law of independent assortment.
  3. Law of dominance.
48
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

One of Mendel’s laws stating that during Meiosis, alleles of a gene segregate, and go to a different gamete.

49
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

During meiosis where alleles segregate and seek out other alleles with matching dominant or recessive characters.

50
Q

What is the law of dominance?

A

States that there are two characters of an allele that are either dominant or recessive. Dominant characters power over the recessive characters, meaning they are most likely to be inherited. Recessive characters are the traits that are less likely to occur within an individual.

Year 10 Science (5 decks)

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