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BDS3 MICROBIOLOGY > 4 - Biofilm 3: Candida > Flashcards

4 - Biofilm 3: Candida Flashcards

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1
Q

How does size impact candidal infections?

A
  • yeast cells approx 25-50x bio volume of bacteria
  • less cells occupy more space in infection
  • provide scaffold for bacteria and create protective environment
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2
Q

Define a mycofilm.

A

Fungi and bacteria incorporate in a symbiotic relationship where fungi provide attachment and protection of the bacteria

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3
Q

What are risk factors for developing candidiasis? (11)

A
  • immuno-compromised or suppressed patients
  • HIV
  • intra-abdominal surgery
  • central venous catheter
  • parenteral nutrition
  • broad-sprectrum antibiotics
  • dialysis
  • diabetes
  • burn patient
  • trauma patient
  • long term steroid use
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4
Q

What are the classifications of oral candidiasis?

A
  • pseudomembranous
  • erythematous
  • hyperplastic
  • angular cheilitis
  • chronic mucocutaneous (systemic infection with oral manifestations)
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5
Q

Give an example of pseudomembranous oral candidiasis.

A

Thrush

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6
Q

Give an example of erythematous oral candidiasis.

A
  • atrophic (HIV related)
  • denture related
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7
Q

Give an example of hyperplastic oral candidiasis.

A

Candidal leukoplakia (possible pre-malignant)

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8
Q

Describe a pseudomembranous candidal infection.

A
  • commonly known as thrush
  • easily wiped off mucosa
  • is common in HIV patients or those who use systemic antibiotics
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9
Q

Describe a chronic hyperplastic candidal infection.

A
  • is within tissue
  • cannot be wiped off
  • requires a biopsy to test for pre-malignancy
  • requires systemic anti-fungal to treat
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10
Q

Describe angular cheilitis.

A
  • Candida interacts with gram positive staph bacteria
  • requires myconazole to treat
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11
Q

What is Newton’s type 1 stomatitis?

A

Localised inflammation

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12
Q

What is Newton’s type 2 stomatitis?

A

Diffuse inflammation

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13
Q

What is Newton’s type 3 stomatitis?

A

Granular inflammation

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14
Q

Describe denture induced stomatitis.

A

Candida adhere and colonise acrylic surfaces by co-aggregation and biofilm formation

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15
Q

What are signs and symptoms of denture induced stomatitis?

A
  • inflamed mucosa
  • burning sensation
  • discomfort
  • bad taste
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16
Q

What are the common oral pathogenic yeasts?

A
  • Candida albicans
  • candida glabrata
17
Q

What anti fungal is Candida albicans sensitive to?

A
  • fluconazole
  • metroconazole
18
Q

What anti fungal is Candida glabrata sensitive to?

A

Nystatin

19
Q

Describe the morphogenesis of Candida albicans.

A
  • innocuous form when at rest (round)
  • stressed form develops a hyphae which can invade tissue and access the blood stream
  • adhesion -> hyphal penetration -> vascular dissemination -> endothelial colonisation
20
Q

What are hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis (breakdown) of a substrate through the addition of water

21
Q

Give examples of hydrolytic enzymes.

A
  • phospholipase
  • haemolysin
  • proteinase
22
Q

Describe phospholipase.

A
  • hydrolytic enzyme
  • lipid is substrate
  • contributes to infection by host cell penetration
23
Q

Describe haemolysin.

A
  • hydrolytic enzyme
  • RBC are substrate
  • contributes to infection by facilitating hyphal invasion
24
Q

Describe proteinase.

A
  • hydrolytic enzyme
  • protein is substrate
  • contributes to infection by adhesion to epithelial cells
25
Q

How does Candida contribute to oral cancer?

A
  • yeast products can produce alcohol
  • alcohol is not carcinogenic, but the breakdown products are
  • acetaldehyde is a carcinogen which causes damage to DNA
  • therefore, alcohol dehydrogenase drives biofilm formation and possibly malignancy
26
Q

What are the different laboratory techniques for diagnosing candidal infections?

A
  • microscopy (smear)
  • culture (oral rinse, swab, foam pad)
  • histology (biopsy)
27
Q

Why is it important to diagnose the species of candida?

A

Different candida are sensitive to different antifungals, and the incorrect treatment can cause overgrowth of the fungi and can be dangerous

28
Q

What do azoles treat?

A
  • work indirectly on the synthesis pathway of ergosterol
  • fungistatic
  • treat Candida albicans
29
Q

What do polyenes treat?

A
  • act directly on ergosterol by binding to it, and forming pores to leak cytoplasm
  • fungicidal
  • treat candida glabrata
30
Q

Give examples of azoles.

A
  • fluconazole
  • metroconazole
31
Q

Give examples of polyenes.

A
  • nystatin
  • amphotericin B
32
Q

What is the dual-resistance mechanism?

A

Staph bacteria coat themselves in candida and becomes resistant to vancomycin

BDS3 MICROBIOLOGY (7 decks)

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