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NEURO 2 Self > 4 Autonomics > Flashcards

4 Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

T-F—ANS has an efferent component, but no afferent component?

A

False–both

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2
Q

In the efferent ANS, how many neurons connect the CNS to the target?

A

2

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3
Q

What 3 things divide paraSNA and SNA?

A

neurotransmitter, anatomical location, peripheral target

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4
Q

True or false–sympathetics are found in the brainstem?

A

No- parasympathetics

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5
Q

That cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetics?

A

III, VII, IX, X

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6
Q

Besides the brainstem, where are there parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nuclei?

A

S2-4

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7
Q

Where are most pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the medulla located?

A

dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX)

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8
Q

ParSNA of CNX is secretomotor to mucous glands and motor to smooth muscle of the GI tract except to what?

A

Inhibitory to the pyloric sphincter

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9
Q

Preganglionic neurons sending axons to postganglionic neurons in the subpericardial tissue are located where?

A

nucleus ambiguus

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10
Q

T-F– there is a small amount of DMX sent to the smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles?

A

True

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11
Q

Pre ganglionic neurons in the inferior salivatory nuclei go to what ganglion?

A

otic ganglion

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12
Q

Pre ganglionic neurons in the superior salivatory nuclei go to what ganglion?

A

pterygopalatine ganglia

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13
Q

Where are the inferior and superior salivatory nucleus located?

A

pons

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14
Q

where are pre-ganglionic neurons located in the midbrain?

A

edinger-westphal

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15
Q

What do neurons in the edinger-westphal nucleus innervate?

A

ciliary ganglia—-> cliaris (accommodation) and sphincter pupillae

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16
Q

What do parasympathetic arising from the sacral regions innervate?

A
  • mostly bladder
  • GI from distal 1/3 transverse colon to upper anal canal
  • erectile tissue in penis/clitoris
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17
Q

Where are the post-ganglionic neurons located in the sympathetics?

A

paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglion [axons are present in every peripheral and cranial nerve]

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18
Q

T-F–the sympathetic system can control individual actions in individual organs

A

True [individual pre-ganglionic neurons generally innervate groups of post ganglionic with the same function]

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19
Q

how does separation of actions by the sympathetics occur?

A

individual pre-ganglionic neurons innervate groups of post-ganglionics with the same function

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20
Q

What are post-ganglionic sympathetics excitatory motor to?

A 
Smooth muscle of 
-blood vessels
-hair follicles
-iris
-uterus-
-urethra
-vasdeferens
-
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21
Q

What receptor type mediates smooth muscle from the sympathetics?

A

alpha1 adrenergic receptors

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22
Q

What does sympathetics to the smooth muscle in the bronchioles and GI tract cause?

A

cells to relax

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23
Q

T-F–post-ganglionic sypmathetics innervate sweat glands?

A

True

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24
Q

What does pre-ganglionic input to adrenal medulla cause?

A

chromatin cells to release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood

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25
Q

Pre and post ganglionic neurons in the paraSNA use what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

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26
Q

Post ganglionics of sympathetics use what neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine (except for acetylcholine)

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27
Q

preganglionic sypathetics use what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

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28
Q

What are the two groups of visceral afferents?

A

cranial nerve afferents

spinal afferents

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29
Q

Cranial nerve afferents have their cell bodies where?

A

nodose ganglion and inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia

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30
Q

Where do cranial nerve afferents terminate?

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

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31
Q

Where do spinal afferents have their cell bodies?

A

DRG

32
Q

Second order neurons of the spinal afferents terminate where?

A

ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus (but also give branches to the NTS)

33
Q

What type of signals to spinal afferents transmit?

A

mechano and chemoreceptors in the pelvic viscera and pain/temp of all viscera

34
Q

What are the 3 main levels of control over the autonomic nervous system?

A

locally, brainstem, hypothalamus

35
Q

What is the head ganglion of the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

36
Q

what is the pattern generator function of the ventrolateral medulla?

A

blood pressure and HR

37
Q

What is the pattern generator function of the dorsomedial medulla?

A

vomiting

38
Q

What is the central medullary reticular formation pattern generator function?

A

swallowing

39
Q

What is the pattern generator function of the nucleus raphe pallidus?

A

thermoregulation

40
Q

What is the pattern generator function of pontine micturition center?

A

control bladder function

41
Q

what is the periaqueductal gray in the midbrain pattern generator function?

A

autonomic functions of complex behaviors like defense

42
Q

What pattern generator function does the pretectal region have?

A

pupillary light reflex

43
Q

baroreceptor reflex involves what neural pathways/structures?

A

afferent loop (IX and X)
NTS
ventrolateral medulla
vagal/sympathetic outflow

44
Q

Where do afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors terminate?

A

caudal NTS

45
Q

Does external nucleus ambiguous send axons via CNX or does the ventrolateral medulla?

A

ambiguus

ventrolateral medulla gives of pre-ganglionic sympathetics

46
Q

pre-ganglionic sypmathetics innervate what structures to control blood pressure (cardiomotor)?

A

renal artery, peripheral vascular beds , the heart

47
Q

Are baroreceptor afferents excitatory or inhibitory to the NTS? NTS to caudal ventrolateral medulla?

A

excitatory, and excitatory

48
Q

baroreceptor afferents Excitatory input to the nucleus ambiguous leads to what?

A

slowing of heart rate and contraction strength

49
Q

Are CVLM neurons inhibitory or excitatory? where do the send their axons to?

A

inhibitory

RVLM

50
Q

Increases in blood pressure do what to the RVLM?

A

inhibits it leading to reduction of heart rate, sympathetic tone in the vasculature and drop in peripheral resistance

51
Q

T-F—increased sensitivity in the carotid sinus occurs with age?

A

True (slight increases can lead to dramatic blood pressure drops)

52
Q

What are the 4 integrative centers in the pons and medulla for respiratory control?

A

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pneumotaxic center
apneustic center

53
Q

Ventrolateral NTS and adjacent reticular formation forms?

A

dorsal respiratory group

54
Q

Dorsal respiratory group sends inhibitory or excitatory axons? to where?

A

excitatory

phrenic nucleus

55
Q

reticular formation ventrolateral to nucleus ambiguus contains the what? what does it control?

A 
ventral respiratory group
forced expiration(very sensitive to CO2)
56
Q

is the pneumotaxic center located in the lower pons?

A

No- upper pons near the superior cerebellar peduncle

57
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center control?

A

end inspiration by inhibiting the dorsal respiratory group (helps set rate)

58
Q

What does apneustic center drive?

A

inspiration

59
Q

What is the apneustic center inhibited by?

A

pneumotaxic center and by lung stretch receptors

60
Q

T-F—barbiturates excite pneumotaxic center and therefore lead to end inspiration?

A

they inhibit pneumotaxic center and reduce respiratory rythmyms—–they also block the stimulating effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia

61
Q

What syndrome- rare congenital disorder believed to play a role in SIDS, abnormal development of neurons in respiratory groups, respiration stops during sleep?

A

Ondine’s curse

62
Q

What is deep rapid breathing followed by phases of apnea? what is it cause by?

A

central sleep apnea

loss of inspiratory drive and altered response to hypoxia

63
Q

Parasympathetics of the pelvic splanchnics innervated what bladder muscle? activation causes?

A

detrusor muscle–activation causes bladder contraction and sphincter relaxation

64
Q

somatomotor fibers from Onuf’s nucleus (S2) innervates what?

A

the external urethral sphincter for voluntary control over voiding

65
Q

afferents from stretch receptors in the bladder end where?

A

T11-L1 but send branches to cell bodies of pelvic splanchnics

66
Q

What does sympathetics do to the bladder?

A

relax detrussor

contract internal sphincter

67
Q

What are the 2 centers for bladder control in the upper pons?

A

pontine micturition center

pontine storage center

68
Q

Pontine lesions affecting pontine micturation center cause?

A

urinary retention

69
Q

What nucleus center controls thermoregulation? where is it located?

A
  • nucleus raphe pallidus

- ventral midline of medulla

70
Q

Post ganglionic neurons from the RPa use what neurotransmitter for excitatory? inhibitory?

A

glutamate

serotonin

71
Q

RPa receives excitatory input from what?

A

cold sensitive posterior hypothalumus

72
Q

What is RPa inhibited by?

A

heat sensitive anterior hypothalamus

73
Q

T-F— excitated RPa leads to vasodilation of peripheral vasculature and constriction of central arterial beds?

A

False- the opposite is true—>heat retention

74
Q

Does adrenal gland activity increase or decreased with increased body temperature?

A

decreases

75
Q

What types of special receptors do RPa neurons have involved in fever production?

A

prostaglandin EP3 receptors

NEURO 2 Self (8 decks)

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