4. Abnormalities Of Movement & Posture Caused By Disease Of The Basal Ganglia

Question 0

Conventionally, this is considered the receptive part of the basal ganglia, receiving topographically organized fibers from all parts of the cerebral cortex & from the pars compacta (pigmented neurons) of the substantia nigra

Answer 0

Striatum, mainly the putamen

Question 1

This is the output nuclei of the basal ganglia

Answer 1

Medial (internal) part of the pallidum & pars reticulata (nonpigmented portion) of the substantia nigra

Question 2

T/F: Enhanced conduction through the indirect pathway leads to hypokinesia by increasing pallidothalamic inhibition.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

T/F: enhanced conduction through the direct pathway results in hyperkinesia by increasing pallidothalamic inhibition.

Answer 3

False

Reducing pallidothalamic inhibition

Question 4

This is the neurotransmitter of the excitatory projections from the cortex to the striatum & of the excitatory neurons of the subthalamic nucleus

Answer 4

Glutamate

Question 5

This is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of striatal, pallidal, & substantia nigra (pars reticulata) projection neurons.

Answer 5

GABA

Question 6

These are biologically active substances which enhance or diminish the effects of other neurotransmitters

Answer 6

Neuromodulators

Question 7

The term referring to a reduction in spontaneous movements of an affected part & failure to engage it freely in the natural actions of the body

Answer 7

Hypokinesia

Question 8

The term which connotes slowness of movement

Answer 8

Bradykinesia

Question 9

A form of altered muscle tone wherein the muscles are continuously or intermittently firm & tense

Answer 9

Rigidity

Question 10

When the limb muscles are passively stretched, the patient appears to actively resist the movement. The term used to describe this is __________

Answer 10

Gegenhalten/ paratonia/ oppositional resistance

Question 11

A term which encompasses all the active movement phenomena that are a consequence of disease of the basal ganglia

Answer 11

Dyskinesia

Question 12

This refers to involuntary arrhythmic movements of a forceful, rapid, jerky type

Answer 12

Chorea

Question 13

The condition characterized by the inability to sustain the fingers & toes, tongue, or any other part of the body in one position

Answer 13

Athetosis

Question 14

This is an unnatural posture that incorporates an athetoid movement

Answer 14

Dystonia

Question 15

This term designates an uncontrollable, poorly patterned flinging movement of an entire limb & is usually the result of an acute lesion of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

Answer 15

Ballismus

Question 16

A type of familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis which has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance & a tendency to affect males, begins in adolescence or earlier, characterized by numerous brief attacks of choreoathetosis provoked by startle, sudden movement, or hyperventilation

Answer 16

Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis