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biology > 4-A DNA RNA and protein synthesis > Flashcards

4-A DNA RNA and protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

how is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA is long and coiled
wound around histones (protein to support DNA structure)
DNA is coiled tightly into chromosomes which are found in the nucleus

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2
Q

How is DNA stored in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA molecules are shorter in circular and are not associated with histones
Condenses by supercoiling to fit into the cell

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA that codes for a protein which results in a characteristic

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

All the genetic material in an organism/cell

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5
Q

What is a proteome?

A

The full range of proteins and organism/cells able to produce

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6
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding sections of DNA

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7
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding parts of DNA

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8
Q

What is an allele?

A

One or more alternative versions of the same game

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9
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

And pair of matching chromosomes which each contain the same gene but could have different alleles

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10
Q

What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

A

transcription

translation

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11
Q

what is mRNA?

A 
messenger RNA 
make during transcription
carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes 
Single polynucleotide strand

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12
Q

What is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA
involved in translation
carries amino acids to ribosomes single polynucleotide strand folded into Clover shape
has an anti codon and amino acid binding site


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13
Q

What is a triplet?

A

Series of three bases which code for one amino acid in a protein

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14
Q

what is the codon?

A

A base triplet in DNA/mRNA that codes for an amino acid 

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15
Q

What is an anti codon?

A

sequence of three bases in tRNA

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16
Q

What is transcription?

A

The first stage of protein synthesis in which an mRNA copy of a gene is made from DNA

17
Q

What is the first stage of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA

hydrogen bonds between DNA strands are broken by DNA Helicase exposing the bases

18
Q

What is the second stage of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase lines up free complemtary nucleotides along the exposed bases on the template strand
RNA polymerase joins the RNA nuclear tides by phosphodiester bonds forming an mRNA strand


19
Q

What is the third stage of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA

hydrogen bonds reform between the DNA nucleotides

20
Q

What is the fourth stage of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon so it detaches from the DNA
MRNA strand is complete and moves out the nucleus through nuclear pore ready for translation

21
Q

What is translation?

A

The second stage of protein synthesis in which amino acids are joined together by ribosomes to make a polypeptide chain

22
Q

What is the first stage of translation?

A

MRNA attaches to a ribosome and tRNA carries amino acids to it

23
Q

What is the second stage of translation?

A

A tRNA molecule with complimentary anti codon to codon of mRNA attaches by complementary base pairing
A second tRNA molecule attaches to the next codon 

24
Q

What is the third stage of translation?

A

The two amino acids are joined by peptide bond catalysed by the ribosome
The first tRNA molecule moves away leaving amino acid behind

25
Q

What is the fourth stage of translation?

A

A 3rd tRNA molecule binds to the next code on mRNA
The amino acid binds to the first two and the second tRNA molecule moves away
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the polypeptide chain moves away 

26
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The sequence of base triplets in the mRNA which codes for a specific amino acids

27
Q

What are the three properties of the genetic code?

A

Nonoverlapping
degenerate
universal

28
Q

What does non-overlapping mean?

A

Base triplets don’t share their bases

29
Q

what does degenerate mean?

A

An amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon

30
Q

What does Universal mean?

A

The same base triplet code for the same amino acids in all living things

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