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biology > 1-B Biological molecules > Flashcards

1-B Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribosenucleic acid

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2
Q

what does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

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3
Q

what is the function of DNA?

A

stores generic info

-all instructions for growth and development

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4
Q

what is the function of RNA?

A

info carrying molecule

  • transfers generic info from DNA to ribosomes to make polypeptides
  • makes ribosomes with proteins
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5
Q

what is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group
pentode sugar
nitrogen containing organic base

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6
Q

what is the structure of a DNA nucleotide?

A

phosphate group
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogen containing organic base
-adenine thymine cytosine guanine

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7
Q

what is the structure of a RNA nucleotide?

A

phosphate group
ribose sugar
nitrogen containing organic base
-adenine uracil thymine guanine

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8
Q

how are two nucleotides joined?

A

condensation reaction between two nucleotides forming a phosphodiester bone
- catalysed by DNA polymerase

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9
Q

describe the structure of a single polynucleotide strand?

A

sugar phosphate backbone

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10
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A
  • double helix structure - two polynucleotides which wind around each other forming a spiral
  • long and tightly coiled so genetic material can fit in small space
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11
Q

what is complementary base pairing?

A

hydrogen bonding between complementary pairs of bases on opposing polynucleotide strands
(A and T) (G and C)

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12
Q

what is the structure of RNA?

A

single stranded polynucleotide

shorter strands

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13
Q

compare DNA and RNA

A 
DNA 
-double strand 
-deoxyribose 
-ATCG
-long 
RNA
-single strand 
-ribose
-AUCG
-shorter
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14
Q

When as DNA first observed and why did scientists doubt it could carry the genetic code?

A

1800s

has a relatively simple chemical composition

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15
Q

when and who discovered DNA the structure of DNA?

A

1953 Watson and Crick

discovered the double helix structure, which helps DNA to carry out its function

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16
Q

what process does DNA replicate by?

A

semi conservative replication

17
Q

why does DNA replicate?

A
  • DNA copies itself before cell division
  • half the strands in each new DNA are from the original molecule
  • allows genetic continuity between generations of cells
18
Q

what is the first stage of semi conservation replication?

A
  • DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases on two strands
  • helix unwinds forming two single strands
19
Q

what is the second stage of semi conservation replication?

A
  • each original strand acts as template for new strand

- free floating nucleotides are attracted to complementary exposed bases

20
Q

what is the third stage of semi conservation replication?

A

-DNA catalysed condensation reaction joining adjacent nucleotides of new strand together
—> phosphodiester bond
-hydrogen bonds form between complementary bases

21
Q

how does DNA polymerase work?

A
  • active site is complementary to 3’ end

- new strand is made in 5’ to 3’ direction

22
Q

who carried out an experiment that gave evidence for semi conservative replication?

A

Meselson and Stahl

23
Q

what is an isotope?

A

different forms of the same element

24
Q

what is stage one of Meselson and Stahls experiment?

A

-two samples of bacteria were grown for many generations in nutrient broth
—> one containing light nitrogen (14N)
—> one containing heavy nitrogen (15N)
- as the bacteria reproduced they took up nitrogen from the broth to make nucleotides
-nitrogen became part of the DNA

25
Q

what is stage two of Meselson and Stahls experiment?

A
  • a sample of DNA was taken from each bacteria and spun in a centrifuge
  • heavy nitrogen DNA settles lower
26
Q

what is stage three of Meselson and Stahls experiment?

A
  • bacteria in heavy nitrogen was taken out and put in broth of light nitrogen
  • left for one round of DNA replication
  • another sample was taken and spun in centrifuge
27
Q

what is stage four of Meselson and Stahls experiment?

A

-if replication was conservative the heavy DNA would settle and the bottom and light DNA would settle at the top

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