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Structural Systems > 4 > Flashcards

4 Flashcards

1
Q

anemometer

A

A device used to measure wind speed.

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2
Q

velocity

A

The speed with which seismic waves move in a given direction, in inches or centimeters per second.

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3
Q

concurrent

A

Describing the condition when the lines of action of several forces pass through a common point.

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4
Q

liquid limit

A

The moisture content at which a soil starts to change from a plastic to a semiliquid state.

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5
Q

waffle slab

A

A flat slab which is ribbed in two directions, resulting in a waffle-like appearance.

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6
Q

stressed skin

A

A structural system consisting of spaced members solidly sheathed on one or both sides, in which the sheathing forms the flanges and resists flexure while the spaced members comprise the webs and resist shear.

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7
Q

diaphragm

A

A horizontal system which distributes lateral forces, caused by wind or earthquake, to the vertical resisting elements.

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8
Q

groundwater level

A

The level below which the subsoil is completely saturated with water. Also called the water table.

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9
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a liquid against every surface it contacts.

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10
Q

bearing-type connection

A

A structural steel connection using high strength bolts, in which some slip can occur and bearing stresses are considered.

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11
Q

radius of gyration (r)

A

A term used in column design equal to the square root of I/A, where I is the moment of inertia of a member, and A is its cross-sectional area.

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12
Q

hypocenter

A

The location in the earth’s crust where rock slippage begins during an earthquake. Also called the focus.

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13
Q

dual system

A

In seismic design, a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced frames.

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14
Q

modulus of rupture

A

The unit bending stress calculated from the flexure formula, for the maximum bending moment resisted by a beam before rupture.

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15
Q

seismic

A

Pertaining to earthquakes and the shock waves within the earth which they produce.

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16
Q

resolving forces

A

Replacing a force with two or more other forces (components) which will produce the same effect on a body as the original force.

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17
Q

K-bracing

A

A type of diagonal bracing in which each end of each brace frames into a beam or column, not a beam-column joint. K-bracing is considered undesirable for seismic resistance and is generally prohibited.

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18
Q

prestressed concrete

A

Concrete which is permanently loaded so as to cause stresses opposite in direction from those caused by dead and live loads.

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19
Q

cement

A

A material which is able to unite nonadhesive substances into a solid mass. The cement most commonly used in concrete construction is Portland cement.

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20
Q

space frame

A

A series of trusses which intersect in a consistent grid pattern and are rigidly connected at their points of intersection.

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21
Q

composite beam

A

A steel beam and a concrete slab connected so that they act together as a single structural unit to resist bending stresses.

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22
Q

basic wind speed

A

The fastest mile wind speed which has a 2% probability of occurring in any one year measured at a point 33 feet above the ground.

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23
Q

framing anchor

A

A metal device used for connection members in wood frame construction.

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24
Q

one-way concrete slab

A

A concrete slab designed to span in one direction and whose main reinforcement runs in that direction.

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25
Q

special wind region

A

An area where local records and terrain features indicate wind speeds greater than those shown in the building code.

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26
Q

acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity, usually expressed as a fraction of percentage of g, the acceleration of gravity.

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27
Q

seismic isolation

A

A method of isolating a structure from the ground by specially designed bearings and dampers which absorb earthquake forces. Also called base isolation.

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28
Q

frost heave

A

Uplift of the soil surface or foundations caused by freezing of moisture in the soil.

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29
Q

needle beam

A

A short beam passed through a wall to provide temporary support.

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30
Q

Poisson’s ratio

A

The ratio of the lateral unit strain to the longitudinal unit strain, when a member is subject to a uniform longitudinal stress. For steel, the value of Poisson’s ratio is about 1/4.

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31
Q

triangular distribution

A

The assumed distribution of earthquake forces to various levels of a structure.

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32
Q

membrane

A

A thin sheet which can resist tension, but cannot resist compression, bending, or shear.

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33
Q

strength design

A

The method generally used for reinforced concrete design, formerly called ultimate strength design.

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34
Q

skin friction

A

The friction between the surface of a pile and the surrounding soil.

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35
Q

Raymond pile

A

A type of pile consisting of a tapered steel shell which is driven into the ground using a mandrel and then filled with concrete after the mandrel is removed.

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36
Q

Method 2 (projected area method)

A

A wind design method in which the horizontal pressures are assumed to act on the full vertical projected area of the structure, and the vertical pressures are assumed to act simultaneously on the full horizontal projected area.

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37
Q

natural period (t)

A

The time it takes for a structure to go through one complete back-and-forth motion under the action of dynamic loads. Also called fundamental period of vibration or period.

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38
Q

story drift

A

The horizontal movement of one level of a building relative to the level immediately above or below, caused by wind or earthquake.

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39
Q

response

A

The effect produced on a structure by earthquake ground motion.

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40
Q

soft story

A

A story who is lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above. Such an abrupt change of stiffness should be avoided if possible.

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41
Q

ce

A

The combined height, exposure, and gust factor used in wind design.

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42
Q

rw or r

A

A numerical coefficient used in seismic design which depends on the type of lateral force resisting system used.

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43
Q

cantilever footing

A

An exterior column footing joined by a concrete beam to an interior column footing. It is also called a strap footing.

44
Q

cantilever wall

A

A retaining wall in which the stem, heel, and toe act as cantilever slabs.

45
Q

underpinning

A

Deepening an existing foundation or building a new foundation for an existing building. Underpinning is usually required when excavation for a new building is adjacent to and deeper than an existing foundation.

46
Q

grade

A

The designation of the quality of a manufactured piece of wood.

47
Q

shear

A

Stress which tends to make two members, or two parts of a member, slide past each other.

48
Q

flexure

A

Another term for bending.

49
Q

truss

A

A jointed structure designed to support vertical or horizontal loads and composed generally of straight members forming a number of triangles.

50
Q

seismic zone factor (z)

A

A factor used in seismic design which depends on the seismic zone in which a site is located.

51
Q

redundancy

A

The property of a structure which has multiple paths of load resistance, so that if one element fails, the load will be redistributed to other elements. Lateral force resisting systems should be as redundant as possible.

52
Q

elastic

A

Describing a material which returns to its original size and shape when load is removed. Also describes structural behavior in which members are stressed below the yield point.

53
Q

fastest mile speed

A

The highest sustained average wind speed, based on the time required for a mile-long sample of air to pass a fixed point.

54
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

The physical law that states that up to a certain unit stress, called the elastic limit, unit stress is directly proportional to unit strain.

55
Q

collector

A

A member which collects seismic load from the diaphragm to which it is attached and delivers it to a shear-resisting element. Also called a strut or drag strut.

56
Q

special moment-resisting frame (SMRF)

A

As used in earthquake design, a moment-resisting frame made of structural steel or reinforced concrete which has the ability to absorb a large amount of energy in the inelastic range, that is, when the material is stressed above its yield point, without failure and without deforming unacceptably.

57
Q

inertia

A

The physical property which causes the superstructure of a building to remain in its original position while the base is moved by an earthquake’s ground motion.

58
Q

lightweight concrete

A

Low-density concrete, usually made with lightweight aggregate.

59
Q

equilibrium

A

A state of rest due to balanced forces and balanced moments.

60
Q

T-beam

A

A reinforced concrete beam consisting of a portion of the slab and the integrally constructed beam, which act together.

61
Q

soil boring log

A

A log showing the types of soil encountered in a test boring and other relevant information.

62
Q

glued laminated beam

A

An assembly of laminations of lumber in which the grain of all the laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally. The laminations are bonded with adhesives and fabricated in accordance with certain accepted standards.

63
Q

normal weight concrete

A

Concrete made with standard aggregates, usually weighing about 150 pounds per cubic foot.

64
Q

sheepsfoot roller

A

A large-toothed roller used for the compaction of soil.

65
Q

tremie

A

A pipe for placing concrete under water. A hopper for filling is provided at the top, while the lower end is kept submerged in fresh concrete.

66
Q

balanced design

A

Reinforced concrete design in which there is simultaneous crushing of concrete and yielding of the reinforcing steel. To assure that yielding of the steel occurs before crushing of the concrete, the amount of reinforcing is limited to 75% of that which would produce a balanced design.

67
Q

raft foundation

A

A large foundation under an entire building, which distributes the building load over the entire area. It is also known as a mat foundation.

68
Q

perlite

A

A very lightweight volcanic rock used as an aggregate in lightweight concrete.

69
Q

aggregate

A

The chemically inert element of concrete, usually consisting of sand, gravel, and/or other granular material.

70
Q

high-early-strength cement

A

A type of cement (ASTM Type III) which provides earlier strength in concrete than ordinary cements. It is used when forms must be removed quickly or when the structure must be put into service quickly.

71
Q

admixture

A

A prepared substance added to concrete to alter or achieve certain characteristics.

72
Q

lag screw

A

A large wood screw with a head similar to that of a bolt and without a nut.

73
Q

cold joint

A

A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch is placed against it.

74
Q

post-tensioning

A

A method of prestressing concrete in which the concrete is cast and then the steel tendons are stressed by jacking.

75
Q

batter boards

A

Reference points offset a given distance from the building line and set prior to excavation.

76
Q

cq

A

In wind design, a pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of the structure under consideration.

77
Q

hydration

A

The chemical reaction which combines cement and water to form a hard, solid mass.

78
Q

resultant

A

One force which will produce the same effect as two or more other forces.

79
Q

factor safety

A

The ratio of the ultimate strength of a material to its working stress.

80
Q

lateral force resisting system

A

The part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces from wind or earthquake.

81
Q

allowable stress

A

The maximum units of stress permissible in a structural member. It is also called working stress.

82
Q

working stress design

A

The theory used for most reinforced concrete design until the middle 1960s.

83
Q

composite deck

A

Steel floor decking with embossed ridges, bonded to a concrete slab so that they act together as a single structural unit.

84
Q

matrix

A

In concrete, the cement paste in which the aggregate particles are embedded

85
Q

concrete

A

A mixture of fine and coarse aggregates, Portland cement, and water.

86
Q

neutral axis

A

The line on a beam cross-section which has zero bending stress when the beam is loaded.

87
Q

Euler’s equation

A

A basic equation which applies to all columns and gives the maximum stress a slender column can resist without failing by sudden buckling.

88
Q

passive pressure

A

The resistance to the movement of a retaining wall provided by the earth in front of the wall and its footing

89
Q

friable

A

Referring to soil which is easily crumbled or reduced to powder.

90
Q

drilled caisson

A

An end-bearing pile, the bottom of which may be belled, which is constructed by pouring concrete into a drilled shaft.

91
Q

point of inflection

A

The point in a beam or other flexural remember where the bending moment changes sign and has a value of zero.

92
Q

folded plate

A

A structural roof system consisting of inclined planes which support each other and function as deep beams.

93
Q

Proctor Test

A

A laboratory compaction test to determine the optimum moisture content and density for a soil.

94
Q

turn-of-net method

A

A method used to provide the bolt tension specified for high-strength bolts, in which the bolts are first brought to a “snug tight” condition and then tightened additionally by a specified amount of nut rotation.

95
Q

slump test

A

A test for mixed concrete to determine consistency and workability.

96
Q

grade beam

A

A reinforced concrete beam cast on or in the ground and used to provide support for the superstructure by spanning between piles or footings.

97
Q

jack rafter

A

A short rafter between hip rafter and eave or between valley and ridge.

98
Q

girder

A

A main beam which supports secondary beams.

99
Q

fixed end beam

A

A beam that is restrained (fixed) against rotation at both ends.

100
Q

mat foundation

A

A large footing under an entire building, which distributes the building load over the entire area. It is also known as raft foundation.

101
Q

footing

A

A foundation which spreads the load over a large area of soil. It is also called a spread footing.

102
Q

workability

A

The ease with which concrete can be placed and consolidated in forms.

103
Q

stress diagram

A

A graphical method for determining the forces in the members of a truss. It is also called a Maxwell diagram.

104
Q

bar chair

A

A device used to support reinforcing bars during the placing of concrete.

105
Q

effective depth (d)

A

In reinforced concrete design, the distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement.

Structural Systems (4 decks)

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