4+5. integrative metabolism carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

plasma-derived substrates

A

glucose and fatty acids

- supply most energy at low intensities

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2
Q

endogenous substrates

A

glycogen and triglycerides

  • more important at higher intensities
  • 65% vo2 max
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3
Q

later stages of exercise

- source of energy

A

plasma source of substrate more important

- endogenous sources decline

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4
Q

higher intensities of exercise

A

endogenous more important

- CHO

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5
Q

longer duration of exercise

A

plasma-derived substrates more important

- FFAs

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6
Q

blood glucose concentration regulation

- maintenence value

A

hepatic glucose production (HGP)

  • approx 4-5mM
  • tighter compared to FFA (0.2-2mM)
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7
Q

tissues that depend on glucose

A

neural
- can also use ketone bodies
red blood cells
- lack mitochondria

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8
Q

maximum leg glucose uptake

- problem (total blood glucose content)

A

~ 2 mM/min

  • total blood gluc content only 20mM
  • theoretically depleted in 10min
  • liver compensates
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9
Q

glycogen bonds

A

straight
- alpha 1,4 bonds

branching
- alpha 1,6 bonds

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10
Q

enzymes that breakdown glycogen

- pathway and substrate produced

A

glycogen phosphorylase
- alpha 1,4 bonds

debranching enzyme
- alpha 1,6 bonds

*glycogenolysis produces G6P (glucose-6-phosphate)

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11
Q

G6P in “liver” during exercise

A

converted to glucose

- exported to systemic circulation

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12
Q

G6P in “muscle” during exercise

A

used for anaerobic and aerobic metabolism for the muscle

  • glycolysis
  • converted to pyruvate

*can NOT be converted to glucose

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13
Q

glycogen utilization

- rate of depletion fasting during

A

onset of exercise

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14
Q

glycogen utilization curve

  • duration
  • intensity
A

exponential curves

  • decline with time
  • incline with intensity
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15
Q

liver glycogen utilization

- how quickly can it be used in 1hr

A

can utilize 50% in 1hr

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16
Q

glycogen sparing definition

- what improves it

A

reduced rate of glycogen utilization at “initial period” of exercise
- improved with aerobic training and lipid availability

17
Q

liver gluconeogenesis with exercise

  • increasing intensity
  • recovery**
A

decline gluconeogenesis with increased intensity

  • stop exercising, hepatic blood flow rapidly restored
  • gluconeogenic precursors still high concentration in blood
  • huge “spike” in gluconeogenesis results
18
Q

liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis with increasing intensities

A

glycogenolysis (% of blood glucose contribution)

  • rest 65-75%
  • increase with intensity up to 85-94%
  • recovery huge decline 30-60%

*gluconeogenesis huge contribution during recovery

19
Q

gluconeogenesis (GNG) defn

- substrates

A

glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate sources

  • pyruvate
  • lactate
  • glycerol
  • some AAs

*muscle does NOT have enzymes for GNG

20
Q

gluconeogenesis pathway

  • starting substrates
  • intermediates
A
start
- pyruvate (cytosol)
- lactate
- aminos
intermediates
- glycerol
- oxaloacetate (mitochondria)
21
Q

regulation of gluconeogenesis by cAMP

A

cAMP simultaneously increases GNG and decreases glycolysis

promotes

  • pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate)
  • fructose 1,6 biphosphatase (F 1,6-P to F 6-P)

inhibits

  • pyruvate kinase (PEP to pyruvate)
  • phosphofructokinase PFK ( F 6-P to F 1,6-P)
22
Q

glycolysis produced

23
Q

anaerobic pathway of pyruvate

A

anaerrobic “reduction”

  • lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
  • lactic acid
  • lactate + H ion
24
Q

aerobic pathway of pyruvate

A

aerboic “oxidation”

  • pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
  • acetyl coA (mitochondria)
  • citric acid cycle
25
formation of ATP from pyruvate
substrate level phosphorylation
26
lactic acid when at pH of 7
in lactate form
27
importance of lactate production
produces NAD+ when oxygen in short supply | - allows glycolysis to continue
28
fate of lactate
high levels - moves from muscle to blood - liver and heart uptake - can be used aerobically to produce ATP - in liver also used in GNG (cori cycle**)
29
cori cycle
liver GNG - 2 lactate --> 2 pyruvate --> glucose - costs 6 atp
30
what is the cause of muscle soreness
delayed muscle soreness (DOMS) - inflammatory repair response in muscle *not lactic acid buildup
31
lactate threshold (LT)
level of exercise intensity when lactate production exceeds removal from blood - sharp blood lactate increase training accelerates lactate clearance
32
effect of glucose transport with exercise
rapid increase | - persists several hours after post exercise
33
glucose transport can be stimulated by 2 seperate pathways in skeletal muscle - activated by?
activated by 1. insulin 2. contractile activity ***additive affect***
34
how insulin and contractile activity effect glucose transport
move GLUT4 receptor to plasma membrane - distinct pathways insulin - binds receptor - IRS --> PI 3-kinase and so on - PI 3 kinase depend signals contraction - AMPK dependent signals (AMPK alpha, beta, gamma) - AMPK indepedent signals (Ca2+ activated)
35
what is AMPK - how its activated - what does it do
AMP - activated protein kinase - responds to decrease energy status - less ATP, more ADP, AMP, P etc stimulates atp-producing pathways, simutaneously inhibits ATP consuming pathways
36
affect of exercise on glut4
rapid increase - 2fold glut4 mRNA - 50% protein in membrane - persists several hours *why? glycogen replenish
37
why would too high of skel. muscle glucose uptake be bad
rapid depletion of liver glycogen - hypoglycemia with continues exercise - "glycogen sparing"
38
how to improve glycogen sparing
increase - mitochondria in muscle - fat oxidation enzymes