4 Flashcards
Physician of the emperor Marcus Aurelius
First distinguished between sensory and motor nerves - identifies the motor nerves as originating in the spinal cord and places the mind in the brain
First experimental psychologist
Galen
Used a torpedo fish to cure labor pains and headaches
Witnessed and recorded in great detail Vesuvius destruction of Pompei
Planet the elder
Created a system that explained the structure and function of the human body by combining his dissections with ancient works
Very popular books on anatomy
Galen
Young Flemish anatomist changed everything when he realized that Galen was dramatically wrong
He discovered that much of Galen’s findings had been mistranslated and were based on the dissection of animals
Andreas Vesalius
Published De fabrics corporis humani, a treatise on the structure of the human body that got him in considerable trouble with the church due to the continuing ban on human dissection (the bodies came from the gallows)
Andreas Vesalius
Published du motu cordis et sanguinis a treatise on the circulation of blood
Harvey
Attacked Galen’s conclusions and showed the differences in human skeletons versus animals
Vesalius
Invents the microscope which is used to discover bacteria augmenting the shift to a molecular cellular approach to biology similar to the molecular approach developing in physics and chemistry.
Leewenhoek
Published The diatropics on visual perception of distance and nativism
Rene Descartes 1638
Published The passions of the soul developing his psychophysical interaction ism, and separation of voluntary and involuntary behavior
Rene Descartes 1650
Published leviathan ushering in the empiricistic, passive mind position.
Thomas Hobbes 1651
Newtons discovery that white light is a mixture of colored light raising questions concerning the veracity of sensation/perception and physical reality, and principal Mathematica
Newton 1672
An essay toward a new theory of vision attacking Descartes theory
1709 George Berkeley
Publication of the principles of nature and grace- developing pre-established harmony and further developing petite perceptions and the unconscious
1714 gottfried Leibniz
1700s
Philosophical zeitgeist shifts towards and understanding of the kind as a passive machine by reductionist if approaches and interest in the illusions and senses, physiology turns to the same issues
Coins the term ‘reflex’ based on the optical model of reflected light, abstract believed that the nervous system reflected incoming information back out in the form of behavior
Astruc
Publication of philosophia botanical in which he developed a taxonomic classification schema for odors using inductive phenomenology
1751 Carl Linne
Introduced electroshock therapy for treating the mentally ill
Richard Lovett 1756
Published the first handbook of physiology
Developed the concept of an inherent contractile force that produced movement of excised muscles
Albrect Von Haller 1757
Discovers the electrical nature of the nerve impulse and muscle movement by looking at frog legs between brass and steel rods
Luigi Galvani 1780
Scottish philosopher published essays on the intellectual powers of man in which he argues for 27 different faculties of the human intellect giving rise to a search for localization of intellectual functions in the brain
Thomas Reid 1785
End of 1700s
Intense shift of intense interest in localization of neural functioning occurring in physiology
Localized memory, intellect, and perception on the brain
Localized emotions in the viscera
Discusses the voluntary and involuntary systems
Describes a cell theory in which cells make up tissues which in turn make up organs
Bichat 1790
An American chemist discovers his own color blindness later called daltonism
After images that lent itself to phenomological introspection
John dalton 1794
Published relation between the physical system and the mental faculties of man which marks the beginning of physiological psychology. This book dealt with psychological bases of stimulus response actions
Jean cabanis 1802
Professor of philosophy at Leipzig published the first ‘history of psychology” 75 years before experimental psych is formally founded by Wundt at Leipzig
Fredrick carus 1808
Established the craniognomy movement in which the intellective faculties were believed to be localized in the brain which increased in size due to exercise of those faculties
Franz Gall 1808
First starts conversion to the phrenology movement
Spurtzheim
A German astronomer works out the normal distribution of error in measurements - called the Gaussian curve until it was later named the normal curve
Karl Fredricg Gauss 1809
Began work on the localization of function
Placing senses in the medulla wrong
Higher functions in the cerebrum
Rolando 1810
Published work that points out the separation of sensory and motor function in the FOREAL and ventral roots of the spinal cord
Called the bell-magendie law
Charles bell
Kinnebrook fired by chief astronomer Maskelyne at the green which observatory for persistent misapplication of the
Eye and ear method of Bradley in establish the time of transit for a star
Eye and ear method of bradly was impetus for the first true psych experiment of the complication that occurs when two senses are used at the same time
Here
Works out the personal equation for individual differences between astronomers observations of stellar transit times based on the Gaussian curve
Fredrich Bessel
Coined the terms protoplasm, purkinje network, founding of histology
Relative shift from reds through blues as day vision shifts to achromatic night vision with the blues being the last hues to fade
Blue lights on runways known as the Purkinje shift
Jan evangelists purkinje
Established localization of specific motor function in pigeon brains using the method of ablation or extirpation of parts
Research showed recovery of a subject from a partial ablation and said that the cerebrum functioned in a unitary manner
Identified the cerebrum cerebellum medulla
Pierre flourens
Established the existence of a sixth sense, a muscle sense (kinesthesia)
Charles bell 1826
Published analysis of the phenomenon of the human mind
1829 James mill
Published something establishing reflex action and localization of four kinds of movement
Voluntary conscious movement in the cerebrum
Unconscious respiratory movement in the medulla
Involuntary movement in the tissue
Reflexive movement in the spinal cord
1833 Marshall Hall
Publishes De Tactu on the sense of touch in which webers law on the JND was found to be a constant proportion
1834 Ernst Heinrich weber
Publishes something in which the doctrine of specific nerve energies was proposed the doctor and gave impetus to the search for localization of sensory function that paralleled the search for localization of motor function
Johannas muller
The doctrine says that each sensory nerve produces qualitatively different signals unique to each sensory system
The evidence was based on inductive phenemonology
Doctrine also implies nativism our senses are prewired to respond without learning explains allusions as inappropriate stimulation
Johannas muller specific nerve energies
Present a paper contributions to the physiology of vision to the Royal Society the paper develop the stereoscope forerunner of the modern Viewmaster and the theory that three-dimensional vision is due to the fusion of disparate retinal images
Charles Wheatstone
System of logic is published ushering in mental chemistry structural psychology Jay salt psychology
John Stuart mill 1843
Expounds the theory of animal electricity based on the current of injury and animal magnetism
Emil du bois reymond
Using a drum chronograph that he invented he measured the speed of the nerve impulse buy subtraction of the times to respond to a stimulus applied to the toe and thigh
Herman Von helmholtz
Human measurements prove highly variable so him hold you the frog to establish a more reliable measurement of about 75 m/s this measurement shows at the speed of neural conduction is relatively slow breaking down the inductive phenomenological belief that the brain mental functions are instantaneous
Hemholtz
On the morning of October 22, 1850 Fechner’s insight into the use of Wieber’s law of the JND to show the equality of mind and body leads him to begin his researcher and psychophysics the birth of psychophysics and arguably modern experimental psychology
Gustav fechner
Introduces the term evolution predating Darwins publication of the theory
Herbert spencer
Publishes physiological optics in which he breaks with German scientific and philosophical tradition to develop the Imperio cystic explanation of depth perception based on unconscious inference a theory of color vision and perception
1856 herman Von helmholtz
Article establish the localization of speech in the brain using the clinical case study method of correlating functional deficits with postmortem pathological findings by combining the results of many autopsies he was able to establish that speech path ologies were not due to damage to other brain areas or other physical deficits
Paul broka
Coins the term wave of negativity as a theory of the nerve impulse
Julius bernstein
This paper reports the use of the method of electrical stimulation to establish localization of motor function
Gustavo fritch and eduard hitzig
Publishes a second and more controversial book descent of man in which he fully developed the physical and psychological continuity of humans is dissented from other animals
Darwin
Publishes functions of the brain which she clearly develops and supports the theory of the localization of sensory function visual projection area occipital cortex and monkeys and discusses the effects of the prefrontal lobotomy on nonhuman primate
David terrier 1876
