3

Question 0

Re-introduction of Greek scholars, particularly Aristotle, to western culture.

Invention of the printing press

Fall of Constantinople releasing Greek scholars to the west

Discovery of the Americas

Increased emphasis on the individuals abilities shaped by the environment rather than inherted.

Answer 0

factors contributing to the renaissance

Question 1

Strife between Nation States and the church, abuse of power by the pope (inquisitions, crusades, ect)

Answer 1

The Reformation

Question 2

More modern approach to science with data as arbiter of theoretical disputes rather than rationalism and dogma

Answer 2

Zeitgeist shift

Question 3

Reintroduction of ancient scholars, especially Euclid on math and geometry

Revived interest in empiricism (the real truth is found in sensory agreement between observers)

Opposed the deductive/rational view of Aristotle favoring empirical/inductive approach. Medieval translations of Aristotle being observing and inducting had been lost

Answer 3

Roger bacon (1214-1291)

Question 4

Reviewed Aristotles works and tried to reconcile them with church dogma

Empirical but deductive approach

Wrote on intellect, memory, sensation

Aristotles clear mind body dualism in stead of platonic interactions in favored by church

Answer 4

Albertus Magnus

Question 5

Student of Magnus

Attempted to reconcile church theory with Aristotle

Asserted that God could be known through either faith or reason- ushered in scholasticism

Weakened the church’s hold on knowledge

Answer 5

St Thomas aquinas

Question 6

Reasserted the position that sex for any purpose but procreation was sinful laying the ground work for sexual depression and dysfunction

Answer 6

st Thomas aquinas

Question 7

Took Aristotle to the next level saying experience is knowledge

Sophist position that physical reality is experience

Plurality should not be assumed without necessity (Occam’s razor)

Answer 7

William of Occam

Question 8

Argued for a skeptical inductive approach with an emphasis on classification and discretion of the data allowing a theory to emerge later (skinner)

Single human observations not trusted- description of primary qualities with replication was better

Answer 8

France’s bacon

Question 9

Personal bias due to education and experience

Cultural bias due to way of thinking

Semantic bias due to imprecise meaning of words

Dogmatic bias due to allegiance to theoretical positions

Answer 9

Frances Bacon four observer biases

Question 10

Technology to solve the human condition

Clear influence on skinner and modern behaviorism and modern science in general

Answer 10

Frances Bacon

Question 11

Motion of planets relative to stars is quite different (wandering planets)

Geocentric theory

Consistent with church teachings and held throughout Renaissance

Answer 11

Ptolemy

Question 12

Heliocentric theory

Wasn’t allowed to publish tell after death because it undermined divine order for natural order

Answer 12

Copernicus

Question 13

Eclipses rather than circles of the planets

Left the problem of changes in velocity for Newton

Answer 13

Kepler

Question 14

Discovered the 4 moons of Jupiter- forced to recant in an inquisition

Primary qualities studied empirically and objectively

Pope Benedict issues apology in 2009

Answer 14

Galileo

Question 15

Magnetic compass

Answer 15

William Gilbert

Question 16

Works of circulation of the hood

Answer 16

William Harvey

Question 17

Invents the barometer

Answer 17

Blaise pascal

Question 18

Discovers boyles law that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure

Answer 18

Robert Boyle

Question 19

Publishes principal Mathematica

Discovered calculus

Derived universal laws of motion

Implied that there must be universal mental laws because there are universal physical laws

White light is made up of all the colors

Answer 19

Issac Newton

Question 20

Discovers the microscope (cells and sperm)

Answer 20

Anton van Leeuwenhock

Question 21

Lead to modern physical science

Answer 21

The ionean physicists

Question 22

Lead to modern mathematics

Answer 22

The Pythagoreans

Question 23

Leads to biology and medicine

Answer 23

Biomedical perspective

Question 24

Accept perception as reality and distrust the delusion of rational processes

Answer 24

The sophists

Question 25

Distrust the illusions of perception and champion the native human endowments of language and rationality to use logic to get truth from illusion

Answer 25

The humanists

Question 26

Legacy of the Roman era includes--

Answer 26

The rise of applied science and technology Replacement of civil rule by church rule Replacement of Greek science with church dogma Loss of Greek knowledge to western cultures with burning of libraries Synthesis of stoic and Neoplatonic philosophies into Christian theology Rejection of epicurean hedonism and the attitude that sex is sinful laying groundwork for Freud

Question 27

Beginnings of the Renaissance and decline of church power and dogma begin with numerous factors--

Answer 27

Reintroduction to the west of Greek knowledge Rise of scholastism and the quest for truth via rational processes as well as faith The fractioning of roman culture into a variety of western cultures under local control Establishment of universities and secret societies

Question 28

Modern science slowly escaping from Church dogma and re asserting observation data and logic

Answer 28

Ptolomy, Copernicus, Kepler , Newton, galeleio

Question 29

Prime mover in British empiricism movement and the passive mind approach

Answer 29

Thomas Hobbes

Question 30

Argued that humans, like animals, were mechanical, material of substance (even the mind) and governed only by physical laws Seperate philosophy from theology to save it from meaninless scholastic wrangling

Answer 30

Thomas Hobbes

Question 31

Passive mind with one liners- Anticipation is looking forward with past experience Reason is a function of speech not the reverse

Answer 31

Thomas Hobbes

Question 32

Mercenary solider in the army of empereor of Germany - spent idle hours meditating on meaning of life

Answer 32

Descartes

Question 33

Doubted existence of everything, what was left that could not be doubted would be the truth I think therefore I am Careful not to say, "I think not"

Answer 33

Decartes

Question 34

Wrote in the vernacular, French rather than the scholarly Latin gave him a wide audience

Answer 34

Descartes

Question 35

Early childhood experience with hydraulically driven statues that mimicked human movements led him to hypothesis that all human and animal behavior was mechanical

Answer 35

Descartes

Question 36

Perhaps the brain was a pump that caused movement by shunting fluids through the nerves to the muscles

Answer 36

Descartes

Question 37

Hydrolic model experiment that disproved Descartes brain fluid pump theory, showed that muscles contract displacing less not more water in a bucket

Answer 37

Glisson

Question 38

Mind body dualism allowed the spiritual mind to be left to the church and the body the machine to be left to science Saying that animal and human behavior was mechanical allowed for understanding human behavior based on study of other animals

Answer 38

Descartes

Question 39

Distinction between rational human behavior and involuntary reflexive behavior human and animal- influenced course of physiology Gave the body to science only a matter of time before psych got the mind

Answer 39

Descartes

Question 40

Many human intellectual capabilities being native rather than learned Depth perception God The axioms of geometry Ideas of space time and motion rational behavior and irrational behavior lays important groundwork for Darwin Freud and modern science in general

Answer 40

Descartes

Question 41

Mind controls the body through the pineal gland Thought to function as a valve for shunting the fluids of the brain to control behavior

Answer 41

Descartes

Question 42

Strongly influenced by Descartes- argued for active mind that was based on experience (empiricism) Mechanistic materialistic conception of the mind

Answer 42

Baruch Spinoza

Question 43

Didn't see God as personalistic- underlying principle causing unity of mind and matter- labeled an atheist Double aspectist viewed the mind and body as two aspects of the same substance Emotions were native and necessary for self preservation but the mind was filled with experience and made rational choices controlling the emotions (physical determinism)

Answer 43

Baruch Spinoza

Question 44

Behavior determined by nature, not God No free will- physical laws and nature- no moral responsibility Influenced Watson in the behaviorist revolution

Answer 44

Baruch Spinoza

Question 45

Math (probability) Science (vacuum) Invented a calculator and thought if a machine could mimic the mind perhaps the mind is mechanical

Answer 45

Blaise pascal

Question 46

Influenced by Descartes- animals and humans are machines but only humans have free will and can make moral choices Tried to know God by rational processes rather than faith

Answer 46

Blaise Pascal

Question 47

Doubted and found more doubt Longed for the tranquility of the faithful Terrified by his minute was in the immensity of the universe- foreshadows forlorn existentialism Saw passion rather than Cartesian rationalism as the unique human endowment (foreshadowing romanticism)

Answer 47

Blaise pascal

Question 48

Borrowed blank tablet and primary vs secondary qualities from Aristotle Gave rise to powerful movement called British empiricism which ultimately views the mind as a passive rather than active in controlling behavior hugely influencing political thinking

Answer 48

John Locke

Question 49

If all is learned from the environment- all could learn skills necessary to govern- previously thought to be passed through blood Prime mover in shift to democracy - French and american revolutions All of our big documents are his thinking

Answer 49

John Locke

Question 50

Nothing exists in the mind that was not first in the senses- tabula rasa Raw sensory experiences- direct response to environment Reflections- recalled experiences based upon reflection of the mind

Answer 50

John Locke

Question 51

All ideas are compounds of simpler ideas Primary qualities exist in the object secondary qualities exist in the mind

Answer 51

John Locke

Question 52

Purely empirical approach would reveal truth of the mind

Answer 52

John Locke

Question 53

Empiricist who took the position that the mind creates reality

Answer 53

Bishop Berkeley

Question 54

Challenged Descartes nativism on depth perception No conscious awarenesss of geometric calculations involved therefore it could not exist as native and must derive from habitual experience

Answer 54

Bishop Berkeley

Question 55

Depth shape size and constancy all the results of perceptual habits Sets the stage for interest in these topics in early psychophysics

Answer 55

Bishop Berkeley

Question 56

Empiricist idealist and associationist Went one step beyond Berkeley abolishing the mind as matter and arguing that the mind was a secondary quality

Answer 56

Hume

Question 57

Distinction between impressions and ideas Impression directly tied to stimulus input Ideas generated in the mind Truth could be revealed by an analytic process of reducing complex ideas to their simple impression bases- reductionism Associations were the result of contiguity and resemblance similarity

Answer 57

Hume

Question 58

The concept of causation resulted from the experience of the habitual order of events Impressions are vivid while ideas seem more weak Are self-awareness is unitary but the result of a bundle of perceptions The laws of association cover the mind like the laws of physics govern the physical universe

Answer 58

Hume

Question 59

Provided a clear and forceful exposition and synthesis of the British associationist empiricist position Found it associationism as a formal doctrine

Answer 59

Hartley

Question 60

The fundamental law of association is contiguity of events Contiguity explains all of memory reason a motion in both voluntary involuntary action Ascribed to a totally mechanistic Ampyra cystic position on the compounding a complex ideas from similar ideas and impressions via contiguity Doctrine of vibrations noting that vibrations could be blocked by nerve damage

Answer 60

Hartley

Question 61

Empiricist associationist determinist mechanist materialist personified Ideas of the mind or residuals of experience The mind is passive all dermination of thought and behavior is determined mechanically by past association

Answer 61

James mill

Question 62

The mind is a machine which response to input stimuli in clockwork fashion without spontaneity or will The mind is passive not active in the sense of creativity or the creative synthesis of ideas Clear foreshadowing of modern behaviorism structural psychology and mental chemistry sets the stage for Gesalt psychology

Answer 62

James mill

Question 63

Extends James Mills philosophy of radical empiricism to mental chemistry and moderates the position Major proponent of feminism

Answer 63

John Stuart mill

Question 64

Like water there is more to the idea than the sum of its parts the qualities of water are not easily intuitively deducible from the qualities of hydrogen and oxygen Clear forerunner of Gesalt psychology and structuralism Conscious experience must be understood by understanding how it is a function of its elements

Answer 64

John Stuart mill

Question 65

Since the relationship synthesis of ideas is complex we must apply the scientific method to these problems Science of the mind leads to psychology The basic laws of association are contiguity and similarity The intensity of an association is a function of its frequency

Answer 65

John Stuart mill

Question 66

Tended toward the monist position that the mind was the senses and was materialistic and increasingly empiricistic after Descartes

Answer 66

French sensationalism

Question 67

Strongly influenced by both descarte and locke argued that mental activity could be reduced to sensory experience alone

Answer 67

Ethienne bonnet de condillac

Question 68

All of the faculties of the mind could be acquired through experience Given only the sense of smell the person could learn concepts such as number generalization truth the faculties of conscious experience The mind is reacting to it environment therefore passive not initiating action

Answer 68

Etienne bonnet de condillac

Question 69

Physiology is the science that were revealed the truth about the nature of the mind Undermine Descartes's nativism The mind is a sensory receptor and memory storage device

Answer 69

Etienne Connor de condillac

Question 70

Extended descartes mechanistic materialistic view of the mind from empiricist viewpoint Intense illness convinced him of the unity of the mind and body First to argue forcefully for the nonexistence of the soul as distinct from the mind-body starting a French movement away from spiritualism and towards materialism

Answer 70

Julien offray de la metrrie

Question 71

Study of the mind must be based on observables positivism like behavior

Answer 71

Augustus Comte

Question 72

Well not denying the existence of the mind he argued that it could not be studied objectively thus social behavioral observation should be the focus of a scientific inquiry into the nature of human existence founder of sociology

Answer 72

Augustus Comte

Question 73

Reassert nativism and lays the foundation for German philosophy and science Disagreed with everyone We shouldn't ask how the mind controls the body or vice versa Many ideas appear to be unique but they are composite of Petit perceptions which summate to become apperception's Like drops of water form in the sound of the way we are unaware of the contributions of the sound of each drop we are awhere of the whole sound of the waves Influence on Freud fechner and Wundt

Answer 73

Gottfried Wilhelmina Leibniz

Question 74

Infants are born with an innate knowledge of which they are unaware Like two clocks the mind and body parallel each other but do not interact psychophysical parallelism But when idea in the mind corresponds to the action of the body it is gods will intervening occasionalism

Answer 74

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Question 75

Attacked humes pure empiricism And passive mind approach in the critique of pure reason Since they add to experience the content of the intellect is greater than mere experience and active not passive in determining mental experience and behavior

Answer 75

Immanual Kant

Question 76

The mind cannot objectively study itself through introspection therefore psychology cannot ever be a science Mind is active and seeking mental homeostasis Put moral responsibility which required mental activity back into the social order using rational rather than theological arguments Major force in the emergence of dynamic nativistic an experimental psychology in Germany

Answer 76

Kant

Question 77

Replaced Kant Argued that psychology cannot be an experimental science like physics because the mind cannot be objectively studied Psychology could be an empirical science if that use mathematics to measure mental operations rather than simply describing qualitative relationships

Answer 77

Johann Herbart

Question 78

Propose the many ideas compete for attention selective attention and some may be actively inhibited allowing others to come to the threshold of consciousness Important precursor of psychoanalytic processes Ideas do not cease to exist they fall below the linmen of consciousness

Answer 78

Johann Herbart

Question 79

Published medical psychology or physiology of the soul Not a new direction but rather an influential teacher who educated a generation of German philosophers and scientists in the act of my tradition of leaving his condo and particularly Herbert Rejected her arts notion that psychology should be mathematical

Answer 79

Rudolf lotze