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History Of Psych > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

0
Q

Re-introduction of Greek scholars, particularly Aristotle, to western culture.

Invention of the printing press

Fall of Constantinople releasing Greek scholars to the west

Discovery of the Americas

Increased emphasis on the individuals abilities shaped by the environment rather than inherted.

A

factors contributing to the renaissance

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1
Q

Strife between Nation States and the church, abuse of power by the pope (inquisitions, crusades, ect)

A

The Reformation

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2
Q

More modern approach to science with data as arbiter of theoretical disputes rather than rationalism and dogma

A

Zeitgeist shift

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3
Q

Reintroduction of ancient scholars, especially Euclid on math and geometry

Revived interest in empiricism (the real truth is found in sensory agreement between observers)

Opposed the deductive/rational view of Aristotle favoring empirical/inductive approach. Medieval translations of Aristotle being observing and inducting had been lost

A

Roger bacon (1214-1291)

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4
Q

Reviewed Aristotles works and tried to reconcile them with church dogma

Empirical but deductive approach

Wrote on intellect, memory, sensation

Aristotles clear mind body dualism in stead of platonic interactions in favored by church

A

Albertus Magnus

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5
Q

Student of Magnus

Attempted to reconcile church theory with Aristotle

Asserted that God could be known through either faith or reason- ushered in scholasticism

Weakened the church’s hold on knowledge

A

St Thomas aquinas

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6
Q

Reasserted the position that sex for any purpose but procreation was sinful laying the ground work for sexual depression and dysfunction

A

st Thomas aquinas

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7
Q

Took Aristotle to the next level saying experience is knowledge

Sophist position that physical reality is experience

Plurality should not be assumed without necessity (Occam’s razor)

A

William of Occam

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8
Q

Argued for a skeptical inductive approach with an emphasis on classification and discretion of the data allowing a theory to emerge later (skinner)

Single human observations not trusted- description of primary qualities with replication was better

A

France’s bacon

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9
Q

Personal bias due to education and experience

Cultural bias due to way of thinking

Semantic bias due to imprecise meaning of words

Dogmatic bias due to allegiance to theoretical positions

A

Frances Bacon four observer biases

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10
Q

Technology to solve the human condition

Clear influence on skinner and modern behaviorism and modern science in general

A

Frances Bacon

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11
Q

Motion of planets relative to stars is quite different (wandering planets)

Geocentric theory

Consistent with church teachings and held throughout Renaissance

A

Ptolemy

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12
Q

Heliocentric theory

Wasn’t allowed to publish tell after death because it undermined divine order for natural order

A

Copernicus

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13
Q

Eclipses rather than circles of the planets

Left the problem of changes in velocity for Newton

A

Kepler

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14
Q

Discovered the 4 moons of Jupiter- forced to recant in an inquisition

Primary qualities studied empirically and objectively

Pope Benedict issues apology in 2009

A

Galileo

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15
Q

Magnetic compass

A

William Gilbert

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16
Q

Works of circulation of the hood

A

William Harvey

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17
Q

Invents the barometer

A

Blaise pascal

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18
Q

Discovers boyles law that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure

A

Robert Boyle

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19
Q

Publishes principal Mathematica

Discovered calculus

Derived universal laws of motion

Implied that there must be universal mental laws because there are universal physical laws

White light is made up of all the colors

A

Issac Newton

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20
Q

Discovers the microscope (cells and sperm)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhock

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21
Q

Lead to modern physical science

A

The ionean physicists

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22
Q

Lead to modern mathematics

A

The Pythagoreans

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23
Q

Leads to biology and medicine

A

Biomedical perspective

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24
Q

Accept perception as reality and distrust the delusion of rational processes

A

The sophists

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25
Q

Distrust the illusions of perception and champion the native human endowments of language and rationality to use logic to get truth from illusion

A

The humanists

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26
Q

Legacy of the Roman era includes–

A

The rise of applied science and technology

Replacement of civil rule by church rule

Replacement of Greek science with church dogma

Loss of Greek knowledge to western cultures with burning of libraries

Synthesis of stoic and Neoplatonic philosophies into Christian theology

Rejection of epicurean hedonism and the attitude that sex is sinful laying groundwork for Freud

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27
Q

Beginnings of the Renaissance and decline of church power and dogma begin with numerous factors–

A

Reintroduction to the west of Greek knowledge

Rise of scholastism and the quest for truth via rational processes as well as faith

The fractioning of roman culture into a variety of western cultures under local control

Establishment of universities and secret societies

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28
Q

Modern science slowly escaping from Church dogma and re asserting observation data and logic

A

Ptolomy, Copernicus, Kepler , Newton, galeleio

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29
Q

Prime mover in British empiricism movement and the passive mind approach

A

Thomas Hobbes

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30
Q

Argued that humans, like animals, were mechanical, material of substance (even the mind) and governed only by physical laws

Seperate philosophy from theology to save it from meaninless scholastic wrangling

A

Thomas Hobbes

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31
Q

Passive mind with one liners-

Anticipation is looking forward with past experience

Reason is a function of speech not the reverse

A

Thomas Hobbes

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32
Q

Mercenary solider in the army of empereor of Germany - spent idle hours meditating on meaning of life

A

Descartes

33
Q

Doubted existence of everything, what was left that could not be doubted would be the truth

I think therefore I am

Careful not to say, “I think not”

A

Decartes

34
Q

Wrote in the vernacular, French rather than the scholarly Latin gave him a wide audience

A

Descartes

35
Q

Early childhood experience with hydraulically driven statues that mimicked human movements led him to hypothesis that all human and animal behavior was mechanical

A

Descartes

36
Q

Perhaps the brain was a pump that caused movement by shunting fluids through the nerves to the muscles

A

Descartes

37
Q

Hydrolic model experiment that disproved Descartes brain fluid pump theory, showed that muscles contract displacing less not more water in a bucket

A

Glisson

38
Q

Mind body dualism allowed the spiritual mind to be left to the church and the body the machine to be left to science

Saying that animal and human behavior was mechanical allowed for understanding human behavior based on study of other animals

A

Descartes

39
Q

Distinction between rational human behavior and involuntary reflexive behavior human and animal- influenced course of physiology

Gave the body to science only a matter of time before psych got the mind

A

Descartes

40
Q

Many human intellectual capabilities being native rather than learned

Depth perception
God
The axioms of geometry
Ideas of space time and motion

rational behavior and irrational behavior lays important groundwork for Darwin Freud and modern science in general

A

Descartes

41
Q

Mind controls the body through the pineal gland

Thought to function as a valve for shunting the fluids of the brain to control behavior

A

Descartes

42
Q

Strongly influenced by Descartes- argued for active mind that was based on experience (empiricism)

Mechanistic materialistic conception of the mind

A

Baruch Spinoza

43
Q

Didn’t see God as personalistic- underlying principle causing unity of mind and matter- labeled an atheist

Double aspectist viewed the mind and body as two aspects of the same substance

Emotions were native and necessary for self preservation but the mind was filled with experience and made rational choices controlling the emotions (physical determinism)

A

Baruch Spinoza

44
Q

Behavior determined by nature, not God

No free will- physical laws and nature- no moral responsibility

Influenced Watson in the behaviorist revolution

A

Baruch Spinoza

45
Q

Math (probability)

Science (vacuum)

Invented a calculator and thought if a machine could mimic the mind perhaps the mind is mechanical

A

Blaise pascal

46
Q

Influenced by Descartes- animals and humans are machines but only humans have free will and can make moral choices

Tried to know God by rational processes rather than faith

A

Blaise Pascal

47
Q

Doubted and found more doubt

Longed for the tranquility of the faithful

Terrified by his minute was in the immensity of the universe- foreshadows forlorn existentialism

Saw passion rather than Cartesian rationalism as the unique human endowment (foreshadowing romanticism)

A

Blaise pascal

48
Q

Borrowed blank tablet and primary vs secondary qualities from Aristotle

Gave rise to powerful movement called British empiricism which ultimately views the mind as a passive rather than active in controlling behavior hugely influencing political thinking

A

John Locke

49
Q

If all is learned from the environment- all could learn skills necessary to govern- previously thought to be passed through blood

Prime mover in shift to democracy - French and american revolutions

All of our big documents are his thinking

A

John Locke

50
Q

Nothing exists in the mind that was not first in the senses- tabula rasa

Raw sensory experiences- direct response to environment

Reflections- recalled experiences based upon reflection of the mind

A

John Locke

51
Q

All ideas are compounds of simpler ideas

Primary qualities exist in the object secondary qualities exist in the mind

A

John Locke

52
Q

Purely empirical approach would reveal truth of the mind

A

John Locke

53
Q

Empiricist who took the position that the mind creates reality

A

Bishop Berkeley

54
Q

Challenged Descartes nativism on depth perception

No conscious awarenesss of geometric calculations involved therefore it could not exist as native and must derive from habitual experience

A

Bishop Berkeley

55
Q

Depth shape size and constancy all the results of perceptual habits

Sets the stage for interest in these topics in early psychophysics

A

Bishop Berkeley

56
Q

Empiricist idealist and associationist

Went one step beyond Berkeley abolishing the mind as matter and arguing that the mind was a secondary quality

A

Hume

57
Q

Distinction between impressions and ideas

Impression directly tied to stimulus input
Ideas generated in the mind

Truth could be revealed by an analytic process of reducing complex ideas to their simple impression bases- reductionism

Associations were the result of contiguity and resemblance similarity

A

Hume

58
Q

The concept of causation resulted from the experience of the habitual order of events

Impressions are vivid while ideas seem more weak

Are self-awareness is unitary but the result of a bundle of perceptions

The laws of association cover the mind like the laws of physics govern the physical universe

A

Hume

59
Q

Provided a clear and forceful exposition and synthesis of the British associationist empiricist position

Found it associationism as a formal doctrine

A

Hartley

60
Q

The fundamental law of association is contiguity of events

Contiguity explains all of memory reason a motion in both voluntary involuntary action

Ascribed to a totally mechanistic Ampyra cystic position on the compounding a complex ideas from similar ideas and impressions via contiguity
Doctrine of vibrations noting that vibrations could be blocked by nerve damage

A

Hartley

61
Q

Empiricist associationist determinist mechanist materialist personified

Ideas of the mind or residuals of experience

The mind is passive all dermination of thought and behavior is determined mechanically by past association

A

James mill

62
Q

The mind is a machine which response to input stimuli in clockwork fashion without spontaneity or will

The mind is passive not active in the sense of creativity or the creative synthesis of ideas

Clear foreshadowing of modern behaviorism structural psychology and mental chemistry sets the stage for Gesalt psychology

A

James mill

63
Q

Extends James Mills philosophy of radical empiricism to mental chemistry and moderates the position

Major proponent of feminism

A

John Stuart mill

64
Q

Like water there is more to the idea than the sum of its parts the qualities of water are not easily intuitively deducible from the qualities of hydrogen and oxygen

Clear forerunner of Gesalt psychology and structuralism

Conscious experience must be understood by understanding how it is a function of its elements

A

John Stuart mill

65
Q

Since the relationship synthesis of ideas is complex we must apply the scientific method to these problems

Science of the mind leads to psychology

The basic laws of association are contiguity and similarity

The intensity of an association is a function of its frequency

A

John Stuart mill

66
Q

Tended toward the monist position that the mind was the senses and was materialistic and increasingly empiricistic after Descartes

A

French sensationalism

67
Q

Strongly influenced by both descarte and locke argued that mental activity could be reduced to sensory experience alone

A

Ethienne bonnet de condillac

68
Q

All of the faculties of the mind could be acquired through experience

Given only the sense of smell the person could learn concepts such as number generalization truth the faculties of conscious experience

The mind is reacting to it environment therefore passive not initiating action

A

Etienne bonnet de condillac

69
Q

Physiology is the science that were revealed the truth about the nature of the mind

Undermine Descartes’s nativism

The mind is a sensory receptor and memory storage device

A

Etienne Connor de condillac

70
Q

Extended descartes mechanistic materialistic view of the mind from empiricist viewpoint

Intense illness convinced him of the unity of the mind and body

First to argue forcefully for the nonexistence of the soul as distinct from the mind-body starting a French movement away from spiritualism and towards materialism

A

Julien offray de la metrrie

71
Q

Study of the mind must be based on observables positivism like behavior

A

Augustus Comte

72
Q

Well not denying the existence of the mind he argued that it could not be studied objectively thus social behavioral observation should be the focus of a scientific inquiry into the nature of human existence founder of sociology

A

Augustus Comte

73
Q

Reassert nativism and lays the foundation for German philosophy and science

Disagreed with everyone
We shouldn’t ask how the mind controls the body or vice versa

Many ideas appear to be unique but they are composite of Petit perceptions which summate to become apperception’s

Like drops of water form in the sound of the way we are unaware of the contributions of the sound of each drop we are awhere of the whole sound of the waves

Influence on Freud fechner and Wundt

A

Gottfried Wilhelmina Leibniz

74
Q

Infants are born with an innate knowledge of which they are unaware

Like two clocks the mind and body parallel each other but do not interact psychophysical parallelism

But when idea in the mind corresponds to the action of the body it is gods will intervening occasionalism

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

75
Q

Attacked humes pure empiricism And passive mind approach in the critique of pure reason

Since they add to experience the content of the intellect is greater than mere experience and active not passive in determining mental experience and behavior

A

Immanual Kant

76
Q

The mind cannot objectively study itself through introspection therefore psychology cannot ever be a science

Mind is active and seeking mental homeostasis

Put moral responsibility which required mental activity back into the social order using rational rather than theological arguments

Major force in the emergence of dynamic nativistic an experimental psychology in Germany

A

Kant

77
Q

Replaced Kant

Argued that psychology cannot be an experimental science like physics because the mind cannot be objectively studied

Psychology could be an empirical science if that use mathematics to measure mental operations rather than simply describing qualitative relationships

A

Johann Herbart

78
Q

Propose the many ideas compete for attention selective attention and some may be actively inhibited allowing others to come to the threshold of consciousness

Important precursor of psychoanalytic processes

Ideas do not cease to exist they fall below the linmen of consciousness

A

Johann Herbart

79
Q

Published medical psychology or physiology of the soul

Not a new direction but rather an influential teacher who educated a generation of German philosophers and scientists in the act of my tradition of leaving his condo and particularly Herbert

Rejected her arts notion that psychology should be mathematical

A

Rudolf lotze

History Of Psych (4 decks)

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