3 Flashcards
Re-introduction of Greek scholars, particularly Aristotle, to western culture.
Invention of the printing press
Fall of Constantinople releasing Greek scholars to the west
Discovery of the Americas
Increased emphasis on the individuals abilities shaped by the environment rather than inherted.
factors contributing to the renaissance
Strife between Nation States and the church, abuse of power by the pope (inquisitions, crusades, ect)
The Reformation
More modern approach to science with data as arbiter of theoretical disputes rather than rationalism and dogma
Zeitgeist shift
Reintroduction of ancient scholars, especially Euclid on math and geometry
Revived interest in empiricism (the real truth is found in sensory agreement between observers)
Opposed the deductive/rational view of Aristotle favoring empirical/inductive approach. Medieval translations of Aristotle being observing and inducting had been lost
Roger bacon (1214-1291)
Reviewed Aristotles works and tried to reconcile them with church dogma
Empirical but deductive approach
Wrote on intellect, memory, sensation
Aristotles clear mind body dualism in stead of platonic interactions in favored by church
Albertus Magnus
Student of Magnus
Attempted to reconcile church theory with Aristotle
Asserted that God could be known through either faith or reason- ushered in scholasticism
Weakened the church’s hold on knowledge
St Thomas aquinas
Reasserted the position that sex for any purpose but procreation was sinful laying the ground work for sexual depression and dysfunction
st Thomas aquinas
Took Aristotle to the next level saying experience is knowledge
Sophist position that physical reality is experience
Plurality should not be assumed without necessity (Occam’s razor)
William of Occam
Argued for a skeptical inductive approach with an emphasis on classification and discretion of the data allowing a theory to emerge later (skinner)
Single human observations not trusted- description of primary qualities with replication was better
France’s bacon
Personal bias due to education and experience
Cultural bias due to way of thinking
Semantic bias due to imprecise meaning of words
Dogmatic bias due to allegiance to theoretical positions
Frances Bacon four observer biases
Technology to solve the human condition
Clear influence on skinner and modern behaviorism and modern science in general
Frances Bacon
Motion of planets relative to stars is quite different (wandering planets)
Geocentric theory
Consistent with church teachings and held throughout Renaissance
Ptolemy
Heliocentric theory
Wasn’t allowed to publish tell after death because it undermined divine order for natural order
Copernicus
Eclipses rather than circles of the planets
Left the problem of changes in velocity for Newton
Kepler
Discovered the 4 moons of Jupiter- forced to recant in an inquisition
Primary qualities studied empirically and objectively
Pope Benedict issues apology in 2009
Galileo
Magnetic compass
William Gilbert
Works of circulation of the hood
William Harvey
Invents the barometer
Blaise pascal
Discovers boyles law that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure
Robert Boyle
Publishes principal Mathematica
Discovered calculus
Derived universal laws of motion
Implied that there must be universal mental laws because there are universal physical laws
White light is made up of all the colors
Issac Newton
Discovers the microscope (cells and sperm)
Anton van Leeuwenhock
Lead to modern physical science
The ionean physicists
Lead to modern mathematics
The Pythagoreans
Leads to biology and medicine
Biomedical perspective
Accept perception as reality and distrust the delusion of rational processes
The sophists
Distrust the illusions of perception and champion the native human endowments of language and rationality to use logic to get truth from illusion
The humanists
Legacy of the Roman era includes–
The rise of applied science and technology
Replacement of civil rule by church rule
Replacement of Greek science with church dogma
Loss of Greek knowledge to western cultures with burning of libraries
Synthesis of stoic and Neoplatonic philosophies into Christian theology
Rejection of epicurean hedonism and the attitude that sex is sinful laying groundwork for Freud
Beginnings of the Renaissance and decline of church power and dogma begin with numerous factors–
Reintroduction to the west of Greek knowledge
Rise of scholastism and the quest for truth via rational processes as well as faith
The fractioning of roman culture into a variety of western cultures under local control
Establishment of universities and secret societies
Modern science slowly escaping from Church dogma and re asserting observation data and logic
Ptolomy, Copernicus, Kepler , Newton, galeleio
Prime mover in British empiricism movement and the passive mind approach
Thomas Hobbes
Argued that humans, like animals, were mechanical, material of substance (even the mind) and governed only by physical laws
Seperate philosophy from theology to save it from meaninless scholastic wrangling
Thomas Hobbes
Passive mind with one liners-
Anticipation is looking forward with past experience
Reason is a function of speech not the reverse
Thomas Hobbes
Mercenary solider in the army of empereor of Germany - spent idle hours meditating on meaning of life
Descartes
Doubted existence of everything, what was left that could not be doubted would be the truth
I think therefore I am
Careful not to say, “I think not”
Decartes
Wrote in the vernacular, French rather than the scholarly Latin gave him a wide audience
Descartes
Early childhood experience with hydraulically driven statues that mimicked human movements led him to hypothesis that all human and animal behavior was mechanical
Descartes
Perhaps the brain was a pump that caused movement by shunting fluids through the nerves to the muscles
Descartes
Hydrolic model experiment that disproved Descartes brain fluid pump theory, showed that muscles contract displacing less not more water in a bucket
Glisson
Mind body dualism allowed the spiritual mind to be left to the church and the body the machine to be left to science
Saying that animal and human behavior was mechanical allowed for understanding human behavior based on study of other animals
Descartes
Distinction between rational human behavior and involuntary reflexive behavior human and animal- influenced course of physiology
Gave the body to science only a matter of time before psych got the mind
Descartes
Many human intellectual capabilities being native rather than learned
Depth perception
God
The axioms of geometry
Ideas of space time and motion
rational behavior and irrational behavior lays important groundwork for Darwin Freud and modern science in general
Descartes
Mind controls the body through the pineal gland
Thought to function as a valve for shunting the fluids of the brain to control behavior
Descartes
Strongly influenced by Descartes- argued for active mind that was based on experience (empiricism)
Mechanistic materialistic conception of the mind
Baruch Spinoza
Didn’t see God as personalistic- underlying principle causing unity of mind and matter- labeled an atheist
Double aspectist viewed the mind and body as two aspects of the same substance
Emotions were native and necessary for self preservation but the mind was filled with experience and made rational choices controlling the emotions (physical determinism)
Baruch Spinoza
Behavior determined by nature, not God
No free will- physical laws and nature- no moral responsibility
Influenced Watson in the behaviorist revolution
Baruch Spinoza
Math (probability)
Science (vacuum)
Invented a calculator and thought if a machine could mimic the mind perhaps the mind is mechanical
Blaise pascal
Influenced by Descartes- animals and humans are machines but only humans have free will and can make moral choices
Tried to know God by rational processes rather than faith
Blaise Pascal
Doubted and found more doubt
Longed for the tranquility of the faithful
Terrified by his minute was in the immensity of the universe- foreshadows forlorn existentialism
Saw passion rather than Cartesian rationalism as the unique human endowment (foreshadowing romanticism)
Blaise pascal
Borrowed blank tablet and primary vs secondary qualities from Aristotle
Gave rise to powerful movement called British empiricism which ultimately views the mind as a passive rather than active in controlling behavior hugely influencing political thinking
John Locke
If all is learned from the environment- all could learn skills necessary to govern- previously thought to be passed through blood
Prime mover in shift to democracy - French and american revolutions
All of our big documents are his thinking
John Locke
Nothing exists in the mind that was not first in the senses- tabula rasa
Raw sensory experiences- direct response to environment
Reflections- recalled experiences based upon reflection of the mind
John Locke
All ideas are compounds of simpler ideas
Primary qualities exist in the object secondary qualities exist in the mind
John Locke
Purely empirical approach would reveal truth of the mind
John Locke
Empiricist who took the position that the mind creates reality
Bishop Berkeley
Challenged Descartes nativism on depth perception
No conscious awarenesss of geometric calculations involved therefore it could not exist as native and must derive from habitual experience
Bishop Berkeley
Depth shape size and constancy all the results of perceptual habits
Sets the stage for interest in these topics in early psychophysics
Bishop Berkeley
Empiricist idealist and associationist
Went one step beyond Berkeley abolishing the mind as matter and arguing that the mind was a secondary quality
Hume
Distinction between impressions and ideas
Impression directly tied to stimulus input
Ideas generated in the mind
Truth could be revealed by an analytic process of reducing complex ideas to their simple impression bases- reductionism
Associations were the result of contiguity and resemblance similarity
Hume
The concept of causation resulted from the experience of the habitual order of events
Impressions are vivid while ideas seem more weak
Are self-awareness is unitary but the result of a bundle of perceptions
The laws of association cover the mind like the laws of physics govern the physical universe
Hume
Provided a clear and forceful exposition and synthesis of the British associationist empiricist position
Found it associationism as a formal doctrine
Hartley
The fundamental law of association is contiguity of events
Contiguity explains all of memory reason a motion in both voluntary involuntary action
Ascribed to a totally mechanistic Ampyra cystic position on the compounding a complex ideas from similar ideas and impressions via contiguity
Doctrine of vibrations noting that vibrations could be blocked by nerve damage
Hartley
Empiricist associationist determinist mechanist materialist personified
Ideas of the mind or residuals of experience
The mind is passive all dermination of thought and behavior is determined mechanically by past association
James mill
The mind is a machine which response to input stimuli in clockwork fashion without spontaneity or will
The mind is passive not active in the sense of creativity or the creative synthesis of ideas
Clear foreshadowing of modern behaviorism structural psychology and mental chemistry sets the stage for Gesalt psychology
James mill
Extends James Mills philosophy of radical empiricism to mental chemistry and moderates the position
Major proponent of feminism
John Stuart mill
Like water there is more to the idea than the sum of its parts the qualities of water are not easily intuitively deducible from the qualities of hydrogen and oxygen
Clear forerunner of Gesalt psychology and structuralism
Conscious experience must be understood by understanding how it is a function of its elements
John Stuart mill
Since the relationship synthesis of ideas is complex we must apply the scientific method to these problems
Science of the mind leads to psychology
The basic laws of association are contiguity and similarity
The intensity of an association is a function of its frequency
John Stuart mill
Tended toward the monist position that the mind was the senses and was materialistic and increasingly empiricistic after Descartes
French sensationalism
Strongly influenced by both descarte and locke argued that mental activity could be reduced to sensory experience alone
Ethienne bonnet de condillac
All of the faculties of the mind could be acquired through experience
Given only the sense of smell the person could learn concepts such as number generalization truth the faculties of conscious experience
The mind is reacting to it environment therefore passive not initiating action
Etienne bonnet de condillac
Physiology is the science that were revealed the truth about the nature of the mind
Undermine Descartes’s nativism
The mind is a sensory receptor and memory storage device
Etienne Connor de condillac
Extended descartes mechanistic materialistic view of the mind from empiricist viewpoint
Intense illness convinced him of the unity of the mind and body
First to argue forcefully for the nonexistence of the soul as distinct from the mind-body starting a French movement away from spiritualism and towards materialism
Julien offray de la metrrie
Study of the mind must be based on observables positivism like behavior
Augustus Comte
Well not denying the existence of the mind he argued that it could not be studied objectively thus social behavioral observation should be the focus of a scientific inquiry into the nature of human existence founder of sociology
Augustus Comte
Reassert nativism and lays the foundation for German philosophy and science
Disagreed with everyone
We shouldn’t ask how the mind controls the body or vice versa
Many ideas appear to be unique but they are composite of Petit perceptions which summate to become apperception’s
Like drops of water form in the sound of the way we are unaware of the contributions of the sound of each drop we are awhere of the whole sound of the waves
Influence on Freud fechner and Wundt
Gottfried Wilhelmina Leibniz
Infants are born with an innate knowledge of which they are unaware
Like two clocks the mind and body parallel each other but do not interact psychophysical parallelism
But when idea in the mind corresponds to the action of the body it is gods will intervening occasionalism
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Attacked humes pure empiricism And passive mind approach in the critique of pure reason
Since they add to experience the content of the intellect is greater than mere experience and active not passive in determining mental experience and behavior
Immanual Kant
The mind cannot objectively study itself through introspection therefore psychology cannot ever be a science
Mind is active and seeking mental homeostasis
Put moral responsibility which required mental activity back into the social order using rational rather than theological arguments
Major force in the emergence of dynamic nativistic an experimental psychology in Germany
Kant
Replaced Kant
Argued that psychology cannot be an experimental science like physics because the mind cannot be objectively studied
Psychology could be an empirical science if that use mathematics to measure mental operations rather than simply describing qualitative relationships
Johann Herbart
Propose the many ideas compete for attention selective attention and some may be actively inhibited allowing others to come to the threshold of consciousness
Important precursor of psychoanalytic processes
Ideas do not cease to exist they fall below the linmen of consciousness
Johann Herbart
Published medical psychology or physiology of the soul
Not a new direction but rather an influential teacher who educated a generation of German philosophers and scientists in the act of my tradition of leaving his condo and particularly Herbert
Rejected her arts notion that psychology should be mathematical
Rudolf lotze
