4

Question 1

Why were Mussolini’s long term foreign policy’s difficult to understand?

Answer 1

His actions tended to be erratic and opportunistic than carefully planned out and achieving any material gain for Italy

Question 2

What was the key goal for Mussolini’s foreign policy

Answer 2

Becoming a world power - standing up for Italy’s territorial gains and wherever possible, revising the terms of the Versailles settlements that Italy had disagreed on in 1919, in order to overcome the shame of the mutilated victory.

Question 3

What did Mussolini want to achieve in Africa?

Answer 3

Wanted to consolidate rule in Libya and Abyssinia, whilst expanding Italian imperialism in other parts of Africa as well

Question 4

Why did Italy want power in the Mediterranean

Answer 4

He believed it was unfairly dominated by the British and thus it made Italy a ‘prisoner of the sea’

Question 5

What did Mussolini hope Italians would be turned into?

Answer 5

A more militant and aggressive race who would claim Italy’s position as a dominant European power and achieve the expansion of italys living space.

Question 6

Why was Mussolini afraid of Hitler and what did he do?

Answer 6

He was afraid of hitlers rise to power and how his actions towards Germany have a more militaristic stance. So he sought to Britain and France for an alliance that would restrict hitlers foreign policy aims

Question 7

What later on in Mussolini’s dictatorship would cause a conflict of interest with the League of Nations and Britain, and what did this lead him to do?

Answer 7

Mussolini’s more aggressive foreign policy aims in Africa would cause conflict with Britain and the LoN, leading to a growing relationship between Hitler and Mussolini and Italy’s intervention in the Spanish war.

Question 8

After the first world war - how did Mussolini want to deal with the more major powers compared to the smaller ones.

Answer 8

With the bigger powers, Mussolini travelled to places like Switzerland and London negotiate issues following the first world war, like reparation payments, to show that Italy was able to work peacefully and collectively in world affairs. However with the smaller powers, Mussolini wasn’t as cautious, he was prepared to be more aggressive. Such as Greece, which he viewed as an inferior nation to Italy.

Question 9

What smaller nations did Mussolini want?

Answer 9

Mussolini had interests in the Dodecanese islands, which had been claimed by italy in 1912. This lead to many international issues discussing the territory.

Question 10

Who and when was the italian person murdered doing what?

Answer 10

The Italian general, Enrico Tellini, was leading an inter allied commission on drawing the borders between Greece and Albania. He was murdered on the 27th of august - 1923

Question 11

What did mussolini do in response to the murder of Enrico Tellini?

Answer 11

He used this to attack the greek government - claiming they financed the assasination of Tellini, or that they possilbly carried it out themselves. He then made a list of demands:

• The greek government to to attend a funeral service at a catholic church in athens
• This is where they would publicly honour the Italian flag
• They were to pay a sum of 50M Lire otherwise the Italian army would invade corfu

Question 12

When did italy invade corfu?

Answer 12

on 31 august 1923, italy bombarded corfu without warning and occupied the island.

Question 13

Who supported the invasion of corfu?

Answer 13

At home, italian nationalists celebrated mussolinis actions and many political elites.
Head of the navy - Thaon di Revel supported it.
However LoN and Britain especially that mussolini end the occupation of corfu.

Question 14

What shaped mussolinis decision in leaving corfu?

Answer 14

If italy stayed in corfu with their navy - they wouldnt last 48 hours compared to britains navy so on the 27th of september, Italy left corfu, however after subsequent negotiations, they received the 50M Lire

Question 15

Was the corfu incident a success or a failure?

Answer 15

It both a success and a failure. The invasion of corfu led to opposition from the League of Nations and essentially forced Italy to accept its position in relation to the other major powers of Britain and France. Mussolini also learnt from this, he would not repeat this aggressive foreign policy and preferred to achieve his aims through careful negotiations. However the domestic successes were huge. Mussolini was seen to be a dynamic leader willing to stand up for Italy’s pride. This contrasted with the perceived weak liberal government in respect it foreign policy and cemented Mussolini’s positions.

Question 16

What happened to Fiume?

Answer 16

In jan 1924, through negotiation rather than militancy, Yugoslavia recognised Fiume as a part of Italy. Due to its historical significance, it was a popular achievement for Mussolini.

Question 17

Was the gain of Fiume a success or failure?

Answer 17

Success - it showed Mussolini as a leader who could achieve what the liberal government could not. However Fiume’s significance was largely symbolic. Yugoslavia didn’t need it anymore as they built a larger port in split, therefore they were willing to give up Fiume in return for Italian recognition of susak, a previously disputed area. The gains were mainly domestic rather than anything materialistic

Question 18

Mussolini’s also participated in the Locarno treaties, why was this important?

Answer 18

The Locarno pact was mainly about Germany and recognising western border and accepting pre world war borders. Mussolini tried to, and failed to, link italy and Austrian border. However the fact that he had been invited to such an important European meeting indicated to the Italian people that was was accepted and equal to the great powers. This boosted his popularity at home.

Question 19

What did Mussolini do in jan 1925 and in 1928, why was this Important?

Answer 19

Mussolini backed Ahmet Zogu’s accession to president of Albania and in 1928 supported his self proclamation as king zog 1. Through this support and some bribery, Albania became an informal Italian protectorate. This extended Italian influence in south east Europe.

Question 20

What was Mussolini’s action towards Africa?

Answer 20

Mussolini continued the previous liberal governments brutal war against a Libyan rebellion that started during the First World War. And Mussolini continued the pacification of Libya through brutal means such as poison gas. 1/3 of libyas population die. Rebellion was out down in 1932.

Question 21

Up to 1934 - how successful was Mussolini’s foreign policy?

Answer 21

Overall his foreign policy was successful, as he had many domestic achievements, as well as being a world leader who would fight for Italy’s foreign policy aims, supposedly contrasting to the weak liberal governments in the past. However with the Mediterranean, Mussolini was much more cautious in directly challenging Britain, France and the league of Nations. However, as fascists consolidated power, the more aggressive the foreign-policy became.

Question 22

What is a quick summary of Italy’s relationship with Britain Germany and France?

Answer 22

It was a highly complex relationship driven by the contrast between the realities of Italy’s military and diplomatic position and the aims of its forge in policy under Mussolini. Relations would be severely reshaped with Hitlers rise to power in 1933.

Question 23

What was Italy’s relationship with Britain?

Answer 23

They had a good historical relationship, fighting alongside each other during the First World War and Mussolini had good relations with many important politicians such as winston Churchill and Austin chamberlain. Italy and Britain were mediators during the Locarno treaty negations and Britain helped Italian ambitions in Albania as Italy had helped the British in pressure turkey to give up an oil rich town to British Iraqi colonies.

Question 24

Why did Italy’s relationship with Britain decline.

Answer 24

Due to Mussolini’s territorial claims in the Mediterranean, dominated by the British, their relationship declined. Britain would not even consider giving up naval control of the med. After corfu, a policy of rearmament meant that Italy could challenge British power in the med. Mussolini also tried to undermine the British by supporting pro Italian groups in Malta. Additionally Italy was economically dependant on Britain and financial markets. The revaluation of the lire in 1927 could only be achieved with British funding. Italy was still intrinsically linked with the world financial system, which was dominated by USA and Britain. Therefore it was hard for Mussolini to challenge the British and up to 1936 their relationship was ambiguous, keeping friends but building up enough military to eventually challenge them
.

Question 25

What was Italy’s relationship with France?

Answer 25

It was primarily affected due to anti fascist exiles in France. Mussolini complained at France due to anti fascist activities in Paris and France were complaining at Italy for the fact that the OVRA and the fascist security police had agents in France who infiltrated anti fascist organisations. Mussolini saw France as a rival to Italian power in the med and imperialist aims in Africa. Similarly the french were worried about Tunisia - an French colony with a large number of Italian settlers. They believed the fascists may use this to gain control of Tunisia. Italy’s relationship to France was also ambivalent - he knew the extent of French power in Europe, however he also raised the possibilities of anti french alliances with Germany Spain and Hungary but it amounted to nothing

Question 26

What was Mussolini’s relationship with Germany like

Answer 26

It differed a lot compared to before and after Hitler was in power. Mussolini was scornful towards the Weimar Republic, whom he believed was ran by socialist and pacifists. He gave support to German nationalists who wanted to overthrow them. However he was still concerned with the German nationalists, the Nazis, about unification with Austria (Anschluss). It was seen as a danger to Italy as it meant there was no buffer between Italy and Germany. Hitler openly praised Mussolini and called him a ‘brilliant statesman’. In the early 1930s Mussolini and Hitler exchanged some letters, discussing a German - Italian alliance if Hitler came to power. However due to concerns with Anschluss, Mussolini wanted to try bring italy France Britain and Germany into a ‘four power pact’ in which Mussolini both tried to control and appease Germany.

Question 27

Was the ‘The Four Power Pact’ ever ratified?

Answer 27

It was signed on the 15th of July 1933 but was never ratified by Britain or France. Countries such as Czechoslovakia and Poland, who feared German expansion protested against the pact

Question 28

Despite the failure of the four power pact, how did mussolini later stand up to hitler an anschluss

Answer 28

In july 1934, austrian nazis assassinated the austrian chancellor. The austrian nazis attempted to take comtrol and continue anschluss but mussolini said no an enabled 4 divisions onto the brenner front between italy and austria. Hitler then refused to back the austrian nazis in continuing with anschluss. However at the early stage, hitler was probably looking develop good relations with italy before taking a more aggressive stance in his foreign policy.

Question 29

What did hitler declare in march 1935?

Answer 29

He openly anounced germany’s militry rearmament that had been going on secretly for 2 years. This was a direct threat to the treaty of versailles, and alongside the attempted nazi coup in austria, added to mussolinis concern at the direction of hitlers policies

Question 30

What did mussolini do in response to hitlers military announcement.

Answer 30

Between 11 and 13 april 1935, he met with the british and french foreign ministers and primeministers at strese to discuss what to do about hitler.

Question 31

Did the stresanfront do much

Answer 31

No it did little apart from stating their desire for peace and their continuous commitment towards the League of Nations. However the stresa front had a bigger impact on italian ambitions in africa. Mussolini discussed with the french foreign minister, pierre laval, the idea of an anti german alliance, but only if they allowed italy to colonise Abyssinia. At stresa mussolini said he reached an implicit agreement with britain and france to support his goals in africa in return for italy’s anti german support at the stresa front. Even if he expanded in africa, britain and france would not break from the front to stop him. Later on this would cause misunderstanding and trouble with britain and france which turned mussolini to take a more aggressive foreign policy stance and draw italy into a dangerous alliance with nazi germay

Question 32

.

Answer 32

.

Question 33

.

Answer 33

.

Question 34

L

Answer 34

L

Question 35

Spare

Answer 35

Spaew

Question 36

What was Mussolini’s most significant part of foreign policy?

Answer 36

1935 - the invasion of Abyssinia. It was the last country that had not been colonised and had been a point of focus since as early as 1932. It was made definite when there were plans of invasion in 1934 with the Italian military and civilian leaders

Question 37

Why did Mussolini want Abyssinia?

Answer 37

-Planning for war boosted economy. War related contracts in 1932 boosted Italian industry. Such as arms, clothing, equipment and transportation for colonial war in Abyssinia -Invasion helped with plans for autarky. Abyssinia would provide oil and raw materials and new area for agricultural expansion. It would make Italy’s export markets bigger as well -It is also important so that southern peasants could move there, easing the pressure of land reform in the south. Also has secondary propaganda effects, showing how Italy is providing better living conditions through emigration . -An Italian empire in Africa was always part of the radicalisation policy of Mussolini when he came to power and it was also to demonstrate the dynamism of fascism -People within the fascist part were also concerned that Mussolini needed to take a more fascist direction and demonstrate that his rule isn’t just trying to compromise with everyone in Italy -Victory would add to Mussolini’s prestige and make up for previous historical loss -Successful foreign policy would dissuade Hitler from seeking Anschluss -it was a distraction from many domestic problems as well such as the cooperate state

Question 38

Details of the invasion?

Answer 38

October 1935 - Mussolini started the invasion of Abyssinia with a massive force of 400 000 men in hopes for a swift victory, within weeks. However it took months. At first, the Italians seized adwa and other border towns but after than, progression was slow. Because of this. In November, Mussolini replaced the general Emilio De Bono with Marshal Pietro Badoglio. He was more brutal, using mass Ariel bombings, murders if prisoners of war, illegal use of chem weapons. 5th May 1936 his victorious army entered capital Abyssinia, Addis Ababa. Around 20 mil Italians listened to Mussolini talk about the victory on the 9th of May

Question 39

We’re the immediate consequences good or bad?

Answer 39

Good - during the invasion, the LoN placed very limited sanction. They were still allowed to export oil and the Suez Canal was not closed. Two things which could have affected Italy. Despite these weak sanctions, they were used as a propaganda coup for the fascists, demonstrating how they were standing up to the whole world. Overcame the mutilated victory.

Question 40

What was the gold for the patria campaign

Answer 40

18th December 1935 - the royal family launched the ‘Gold for the Patria’ campaign, whereby the queen presented her wedding ring to be melted down in order to help the campaign against sanctions. Blessed by the church, many women followed he queen and gave their wedding rings for the cause. They were them given a steel ring to show their marriage to the country. The ideal of being wedded to a nation represented one of the key aspects of fascism and showed how the true transformation of the Italian people was taking place.

Question 41

How did Abyssinia affect Mussolini’s status?

Answer 41

Abyssinia was the high point for Mussolini’s dictatorship, he achieved true greatness for Italy and established it as a great power, equal to that of Britain and France. The royal family and church praised Mussolini and he was beginning to fulfil the image of the new Caesar

Question 42

What were some of the bad consequences for the battle of Abyssinia?

Answer 42

- Despite claiming victory on 9th of May - only 2/3 were still to be occupied - Costs to supply 250 000 troops that were fighting a guerrilla war were considerably high, draining both military and economic resources - only 130 000 Italians settled in Abyssinia - Raw material and oil never materialised and by 1939 only 2% of trade went to Abyssinia. - Lire devalued by 40% - Budget deficit rose from 2.5b Lire to 16b Lire - Death of 500 000 Abyssinians - illegal use of chemical weapons changed Mussolini’s status overseas, making him seem like a threat to the rest of Europe and European peace - Abyssinia began the split in relationship with Britain and France and the formation of an alliance with Germany, enhanced by the economic sanctions placed on Italy as they were forced to trade with Germany - Weakness of LoN fuelled hitlers ambitions

Question 43

How did Abyssinia change Mussolini’s direction in foreign policy?

Answer 43

Abyssinia showed him the weakness of Britain and France and this encouraged Mussolini that being aggressive would enhance his domestic power as well as challenging the old balance of power in Europe. This was more risky and demonstrated fascist regime in a more radical way, both domestically and militarily

Question 44

What did Hitler do In March 1936 that changed Mussolini’s view?

Answer 44

He invaded the Rhineland unopposed. This added to Mussolini perception that Britain and France were weak, and scared of Hitler. And Mussolini believed that a shift towards Germany may draw concessions on Africa and the med from the British and French govts to draw him back.

Question 45

What side did Mussolini join in then Spanish civil war?

Answer 45

He joined the side of general Franco, committing troops to him. Franco led the right wing forces against the republican government backed by France and the ussr. Hitler also deployed forces on the side of Franco. This being the first time Italian and German fascism was together

Question 46

What did Mussolini hope for when intervening in the Spanish civil war?

Answer 46

- Force Britain and France to make the foreign policy concessions that he sought. - If win the Spanish civil war, M hoped he would gain a strategic ally in the med - It would hopefully allow Italy to gain naval bases in the Balearic Islands - Winning would help fuel Nationalist regimes and weaken socialism in Europe. - Would fuel the cult of Il Duce

Question 47

What did Italy contribute to the SCW

Answer 47

``` Sent 50 000 soldiers Thousands of artillery and tanks 1400 pilots 400 fighter planes 200 bombers ```

Question 48

Who won the SCW?

Answer 48

In 1939 - Franco won

Question 49

What were the negative consequence of the SCW?

Answer 49

3266 soldiers killed 11 000 wounded Cost 14b lire - had to introduce special taxes on the population to pay for it Lire devalued Foreign currency reserves halved A shifted Economic dependence on nazi Germany

Question 50

Did Mussolini get what he hoped for from Franco?

Answer 50

No - Franco was determined not to let Spain become a satellite state of Italy and the naval bases that Mussolini wanted did not materialise. -The war hampered Mussolini’s aims in Abyssinia, meaning they couldn’t consolidate their power there

Question 51

Was intervention in the SCW popular?

Answer 51

No - the Italian population didn’t know why M intervened and they resented the economic consequences afterwards. -There was a concern in the Italian population of the slow shift towards nazi Germany.

Question 52

How did the SCW affect the Italian military?

Answer 52

In 1939, it’s army was weaker than it was in 1936 It’s weakness was also shown when an Italian force was defeated by a republican army of anti fascist volunteers in the battle of Guadalajara.

Question 53

What did Mussolini think of Hitler in 1934?

Answer 53

Fanatical yet boring - and was alarmed by the fear of Anschluss, which prompted the stresa front

Question 54

What was the turning point for views against Italy

Answer 54

The Abyssinian war: during Italy’s invasion, there was a secret pact between Britain and France called the hoare-laval pact. This agreed to allocate 2/3 of Abyssinia to Mussolini in return for support in the stresa front. However the public found out about this and there was public outrage. Hoare had to resign and was replaced by Anthony Eden who was much more hardline towards Mussolini. With his appointment the general public view of M also went down.

Question 55

How did British and Italian relations develop after the appointment Anthony Eden?

Answer 55

Mussolini was convinced that sanctions had been prompted by the British. This antagonism was enhanced by Italian intervention in the SCW. Also during the war, Italian submarines pretending to be Spanish ones attacked and sunk neutral ships in the med which angered the brits. Further more, the Italian bombing of Spanish ports sunk 11 British ships. However despite this, the British still wanted to come to an agreement with M

Question 56

What was the gentleman’s agreement?

Answer 56

Jan 1937 - the British and Italian governments signed the gentleman’s agreement which confirmed the status quo in the med and limited Italy’s intervention in the SCW. Additionally in April 1938 - Britain made the diplomatic move to recognise Italian rule over Abyssinia. However this did nothing. M just ignored the gentleman’s agreement and Britain failed in trying to stop Italy from going to Germany

Question 57

What discussions took place in 1936?

Answer 57

Discussions for a Rome Berlin axis started in oct 1936, followed by its official announcement in November. Since then Italian exports relied more and more on german markets and in sept 1937, Mussolini visited Germany and 800 000 Germans came out to see him

Question 58

How did Mussolini view Germany and Hitler after 1936?

Answer 58

He was impressed by nazi Germany: a nation backed by a powerful military, all supportive of Hitler. It was the type of military nation that Mussolini wanted to transform Italy into.

Question 59

What pact did Italy join in 1937

Answer 59

Anti Comintern pact agains the ussr but really it’s against Britain

Question 60

When did Italy withdraw from the League of Nations

Answer 60

In December 1937 - claiming that the organisation was against Italy and its revolution.

Question 61

What did withdrawal from the LoN demonstrate?

Answer 61

This along with the anti Comintern pact confirmed Italy’s place alongside Germany and a revisionist power that sought to rewrite the treaty of Versailles thus confirming the end of the stresa front. However it should be noted that Italy still hasn’t signed a full alliance with Germany yet and was still in discussions with Britain.

Question 62

What did Mussolini do in March 1938 that he didn’t do before in 1934

Answer 62

He didn’t stop Anschluss. This questioned his ability as a leader who would always stand up for Italy’s international affairs. Anschluss also demonstrated now that Hitler was a much powerful leader and it’s argued that from March 1938, Italy began to lose its independence and become more and more a German satellite

Question 63

After Anschluss did Mussolini still try and negotiate with Britain?

Answer 63

Yes - he still tried to find a path between Germany and Britain and when Germany proposed a full scale military alliance, Italy declined.

Question 64

What was Mussolini’s role in the Munich conference?

Answer 64

1938 - brokered the deal that gave Germany the Sudetenland. Was called the hero of peace which angered gim

Question 65

Why was the fascist regime becoming unpopular after the 30s

Answer 65

- The increased tax to fund the increased military spending was unpopular. Between 1935-1939, 80% of the state deficit was from military spending - Autarky meant that consumer products became more expensive. - battle for grained worsened diet hella - economy relying more on nazi Germany 卐

Question 66

What was an unpopular policy which contradicted what Mussolini wanted?

Answer 66

He introduced a policy that transferred Italian workers to Germany, a number that would reach half a million by 1945. They were treated poorly in Germany. Mussolini used to often say that Italian workers should remain in Italy and that he would always ensure that they would be treated with respect. This policy of transferral was his most hated policy and contributed to his growing unpopularity. This was accentuated by Anschluss and the 1938 antisemitic laws as well as the reform of customs. A note: Mussolini was now 55, in power for 17 years by 1939 and the Il Duce image was hard to maintain.

Question 67

When did Mussolini launch the invasion of Albania?

Answer 67

April 1939 - due to economic motive as Zog had been encouraging investment from other countries, in particular Japan, in order to become less dependant on Italy. Another reason was that Ciano had proposed that Albania be compensation for letting Hitler take Austria.

Question 68

What did the invasion of Albania show?

Answer 68

The weakness of the Italian army. Many troops were unorganised and using weapons they had not been trained on. Poor communication between divisions. They did manage to take Albania but it had little impact on the Italian economy. The invasion also showed the aggressive nature of fascist Italy and the shift towards Germany and away from B and F

Question 69

When was Mussolini’s relationship with Hitler fully confirmed?

Answer 69

1939 with the pact of steel. An acceptance of a full alliance with Germany. The draft of the pact however was in German hands. The pact consisted of military and economic cooperation between the two countries and the permanent political consultation between the fascists and the Nazis. However article 3 was the most important - Italy had to support Germany if they went to war.

Question 70

Why was Ciano sceptical?

Answer 70

An allegiance this big was very risky. Italy wouldn’t be war ready until 1943 but Ribbentrop said that they wouldn’t until past then. So on the 22 May 1939, Ciano signed it. However in august Ribbentrop and Hitler told Ciano they were going to invade Poland. Ciano retuned to Italy horrified and disgusted by what he considered germanys lies and betrayals. Italy was now in a very dangerous position

Question 71

When did Hitler do the nazi soviet pact

Answer 71

23 august 1939 - a pact of non aggression between both nazi Germany and soviet Russia that also contained a secret protocol that broke up Poland into both German and Russian spheres of influence when invaded.

Question 72

What did Ciano advise Mussolini to do during the uncertain era of the non aggression pact with ussr, around that period?

Answer 72

He advised Mussolini to not get Italy entangled into a costly war when Germany invaded Poland. However this choice of neutrality contradicted with Mussolini’s constant enforcement of fascism and aggression. The ideology would look hollow if Italy were to stay neutral in the war.

Question 73

What did Mussolini request from Hitler before the high probability of war?

Answer 73

170m tonnes of goods in supplies that includes 6 million tonnes of coal, 2 million tonnes of steel and 150 aircraft batteries with ammunition. This would require around 17 000 trains to transport the goods from Germany to Italy.

Question 74

What did Hitler infer from this request of supplies?

Answer 74

That these demands amounted to Mussolini’s resignation to neutrality and on the 27th of august, Hitler released Mussolini from his obligations to the pact of steel and instead asked for psychological support and if possible to engage in military measured that could pin down Britain and France

Question 75

When Britain and France declared war on Germany who advised who?

Answer 75

The entire fascist grand council, general Franco, and the Portuguese dictator Salazar all advised Mussolini to avoid the war. Mussolini agreed but was reluctant to use the phrase neutral, but instead calling Italy non-belligerence - however the outcome was the same. For the second time, Italy has chosen to stay neutral in a major European war instead of supporting their ally.

Question 76

What was Mussolini feeling in March 1939

Answer 76

Mussolini was still unsure what direction he should take. He felt like at some point he should enter the war but the possibility of siding with Britain and France still remained a possibility. However this was unlikely as switching sides would bring German attack into Italy which would be hard to defend.

Question 77

What events influenced Mussolini’s decision

Answer 77

The German advance of May 1940 that conquered Holland and Belgium and then moved into France made his decision making a lot more limited. If Hitler won the war, which was looking likely at the time, they would not treat it well as now Italy would’ve betrayed Germany twice. It would probably get invaded Ngl. It would also be possible to enter the war at a precise time, not losing much resources and men whilst also getting a seat at the victory table.

Question 78

Events leading up to Italy’s declaration of war?

Answer 78

26 May - M met with chief of staff badoglio and told him that he knew Germany would be victorious and that Germany would be victorious by September. Despite badaglios concern at the state of the Italian army and the domestic problems that would arise, Mussolini had made up his mind and on the 10 June 1940 Mussolini had announced they were fighting on the side of nazi Germany

Question 79

What did Ciano write in his diary

Answer 79

I am sad, very sad. The adventure begins. May god help italy 🇮🇹