Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FOPC > 3rd year > Flashcards

3rd year Flashcards

1
Q

what are the most common causes of death today

A

cancer and IHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the most common causes of death in the young

A

accidents - 38% boys, 23% girl s

men 15-34 suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is meant by an expected death

A

terminal care of last phase when condition is deteriorating and death is close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the reaction to an unexpected death

A

profound sense of shock - no chance to say goodbye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the WHO definition of palliative care

A

palliative care improves the quality of life of patients and families who face life threatening illness, by providing pain and symptoms relief, spiritual and psychosocial support from diagnosis to end of life and bereavement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the philosophy of palliative care

A

emphasis quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is most palliative care provided

A

primary care

help form specialist practitioners and care units/ hospice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the aim of the living & dying well 2008 document form the sottish government

A

palliative care not just about last few days of life, but about ensuring quality of life for both patients and families at every single stage of disease from diagnosis onward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what different needs of the patient and carers should be met by palliative care

A

physical, practical, functional, social, emotional and spiritual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why are doctors encourage to identify possible palliative care patients early

A

can discuss wishes

try to care for them where and in the way they want to be treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what tool is used to identify patients suitable for palliative care

A

supportive an palliative care indicators tool

life limiting diagnosis, worsening chronic condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the first stage of palliative care

A

anticipatory care planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what things are considered in an anticipatory care plan

A

where they want to be cared for
do they want resuscitated
who to inform of care and changes in condition
awareness of prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the point of people being placed on the palliative care register

A

if patient is admitted out of hours anyone else will know their wishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does a GP practice do when a patient is on the palliative care register

A

have regular MDT meetings and review patent regularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

after someone has made an anticipatory care plan, what its their next step

A

placed on palliative care register

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the palliative performance scale used for

A

evaluate how quickly the situation is changing for the patient and see if their care needs re-evaluated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the palliative performance scale evaluated on

A 
ambulation 
activity  and evidence of disease 
self care 
intake 
conscious level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the most common symptom of palliative pateitns

A

pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what people may be involved in palliative care

A 
health & social care partnership team 
macmillan nurses
marie curie nurses
CLAN 
religious/ cultural groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is regarded as a ‘good death’

A

pain free
open acknowledgement
at home surrounded by family and friends
resolved personal conflicts
according to personal preference and in a manner that resonates with the persons individuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does WHO palliative care integrate

A

psychological and spiritual aspects of patient care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the WHO palliative care provide relief form

A

pain and other distressing symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does WHO palliative care regard death as

A

normal process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why does WHO palliative care offer a support system

A

help families cope during the pateitns illness and in their own bereavement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what part of palliative care may be needed after the patient has died

A

bereavement counselling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is most people preferred place of death

A

home - 26% achieve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what framework helps primary care to provide palliative care at home

A

gold standards framework

- cancer register, review patients, reflective practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are important considerations in breaking bad news

A 
listening
setting the scene
find out what patient understands  and wants to know 
share information in a common language 
review and summarise 
allow questions 
agree follow up and support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the stage in adjustment to grief

A 
shock 
anger  
denial 
bragainsing 
relief 
sadness
fear 
guilt 
anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how long may grief take

A

months or years - individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what percentage of deaths occur in hospices

A

15-20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is euthanasia

A

deliberate ending of a persons life with or without their request (voluntary/ non- voluntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

is physician assisted suicide legal in the UK

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how should you respond to a patient that says they want to die

A 
listen 
acknowledge issue
explore request reason 
explore ways of giving patient more control 
look for treatable problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is sustainability

A

ability to continue over a period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

give 3 examples of sustainability

A

global sustainability
sustainability of the NHS
personal and career sustainability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

why is global sustainability important to healthcare

A 
material inequality 
growing population and consumption 
resource depletion 
climate change
loss of biodiversity 
crisis in healthcare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why is there a big material inequality in the world

A

world’d wealthy are getting rich while at least half the population live on less than £1.30 a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

why is there a crisis in healthcare due chronic health problems

A

with increasing ageing population, increase in chronic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the carbon footprint

A

measure of greenhouse gases emitted through burning fossil fuels, always converted into carbon equivalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are health benefits of walking and cycling to cut emissions

A

reduction in diabetes, CV disease and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are some actions that could be taken against global warming

A

Increase use of renewable energy resources
Modifying human behaviour, being more active
Move back to more plant based diet
Educate on carbon literacy and numeracy
Promote patient resilience
Teach healthcare students that as well as human anatomical systems we are also part of a wider ecological system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is a renewable energy source

A

any natural energy resource that can be replenished with the passage of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

according to theSustainability Development Unit’s document, what % of short term reduction in emissions is technically feasible without compromising standards of care

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are the 10 goals to make the NHS sustainable (NHS

Sustainability Development Unit’s Strategy Document )

A
  1. Prioritise Environmental Health
  2. Substitute harmful chemicals with safer alternatives.
  3. Reduce and safely dispose of waste
  4. Use energy efficiently and switch to renewable energy.
  5. Reduce water consumption
  6. Improve travel strategies
  7. Purchase and serve sustainably grown food
  8. Safely manage and dispose of pharmaceuticals
  9. Adopt greener building design and construction.
  10. Purchase safer more sustainable products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the national target for carbon reduction by the health service

A

more than 80% reduction in emissions over the next 30 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the greatest carbon emission form NHS england

A

purchasing of goods and services,

22% is from purchase of pharmaceuticals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what will low carbon clinical care be

A

Be better at preventing conditions
Give greater responsibility to patients in managing their health.
Be leaner in service design and delivery
Use the lowest carbon technologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

why should effective contraception be more widely and easily available worldwide

A

help reduce the financial, social and environmental effects of unwanted pregnancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are strategies to decrease the deaths worldwide from malnutrition, diarrhoea and infectious disease

A

Increasing access to clean water, proper sanitation and education on hygiene techniques such as hand washing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

how should the NHS be better at preventing conditions

A

Specialities should aim to tackle underlying causes of disease ; the social, economic and environmental determinants of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

give an example of how we could give greater responsibility to patients in managing their health

A

the use of information prescriptions instead of medication prescription

54
Q

give examples of how the NHS could Be leaner in service design and delivery

A

combine clinics for diabetes, cardiovascular and stroke
eliminate duplication and poorly targeted investigations
Reduce steps in patient pathway of referral to treatment
Greater use of online records, email and telephone can reduce travel emissions by moving information
More effective prescribing
increase compliance - reduce disposal of unused drugs

55
Q

how does the NHS plan to use the lowest carbon technologies

A

allow service planners, clinicians and patients to choose clinically effective treatments with the best environmental profile eg green nephrology project

56
Q

how much is the NHS scotland increasing to stop privatisation

A

2 billion

57
Q

what to things have been integrated in scotland since 2016 to share funding

A

health and social care

58
Q

how much is being invested by the government in GP practice resilience programmes

A

56million

59
Q

what are some changed to the G contract

A

reduce workload, improve recruitment

additional members to practice teams

60
Q

what is the WHO definition of health and what might it be changed to

A

a complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease’
to
‘resilience, adaptation and self management in the face of physical, social and emotional challenges’

61
Q

what is resilience

A

ability to quickly return to a previous good condition.”

62
Q

list some positive factors contributing to a sustainable career

A

Job Security
Financial Security
Stable Terms and Conditions
Respect for Professionalism and Knowledge.
Appreciation for being in the role of a doctor.
Working with a team over time.
Ability to develop knowledge and interests.
Ability to fit work around interests and lifestyle choices.

63
Q

list some challenges to a sustainable career

A

Considerable and rapid workload – for example 10 minute appointments
Time management.
Increasingly complex care over time.
Relentless arrival of mail/ results, and having enough time to action them diligently.
Care versus cure - long term conditions
Perhaps running a business over time.
Need to ensure the team is harmonious and effective.

64
Q

what is an occupational history

A

An occupational and environmental history is a chronological list of all the patient’s employment with the intention of determining whether work has caused ill health, exacerbated an existing health problem or has ill health had an impact on the patient’s capacity to work.

65
Q

what does an occupational history contain

A

description of the present and previous jobs from leaving school.
Identifying any exposure to chemicals or other hazards ( may need to see confirmation from labels).
Did the symptoms improve when not exposed e.g. at weekends, holidays?
Determine the duration and intensity of exposure e.g. was it so noisy it was impossible to communicate
Is personal protection used e.g. what kind of mask?
What maintenance is in place for the protection measures?
Do others suffer similar symptoms?
Are there known environmental hazards in use?
Any hobbies, pets, worked overseas, moonlighting?

66
Q

are fit notes job specific

A

no - fit or not to work in general

67
Q

what is the purpose of a fit note

A

to facilitate earlier discussion about returning to work and about rehabilitation

68
Q

who can complete a fit note

A

only a doctor

69
Q

what do the new fit notes now include

A

items of consideration for employers when signing a patient’s return to work.

70
Q

when is a fit note requires

A

the patient has been off more than 7 consecutive days ( including non working days)

71
Q

what is the role of occupational health specialists

A

to support and help people stay in work and live full and healthy lives.
preventing work-related ill health and providing specialist rehabilitation advice.

72
Q

what are the roles of occupational health services

A

Help prevent work-related ill health
Advise on fitness for work, workplace safety, the prevention of occupational injuries and disease
Recommend appropriate adjustments in the workplace to help people stay in work
Improve the attendance and performance of the workforce – for example by assisting in the management of sickness absence
Provide rehabilitation to help people return to work, and give advice on alternative suitable work for people with health problems
Promote health in the workplace and healthy lifestyles
Recommend and implement appropriate policies to maintain a safe and healthy workplace
Conduct research into work related health issues
Ensure compliance with health and safety regulations including minimising and eliminating workplace hazards
Advise on medical health and ill-health retirement

73
Q

what proffesions are involved in modern occupational health

A

doctors
occupational health specialists
nurses, ergonomists, hygienists, occupational health advisors, physiotherapists, psychiatrists, psychologists and therapists

74
Q

what does re-emplyment lead to

A

improved self-esteem, improved general and mental health, and reduced psychological distress and minor psychiatric morbidity.
(same magnitude as job loss)

75
Q

what are effects of unemployment of health

A

higher mortality;
poorer general health, long-standing illness, limiting longstanding illness;
poorer mental health, psychological distress, minor psychological/psychiatric morbidity;
higher medical consultation, medication consumption and hospital admission rates

76
Q

what 4 things affect health and what 3 can be targeted by health promotion

A

Access,
Environment and
Lifestyle.
NOT genetics

77
Q

how does health promotion work

A

It promotes health through a combination of legislation, the provision of preventative services such as immunisation and the development of activities to promote and maintain change to a healthier lifestyle.

78
Q

what are the 3 different theories of health promotion

A

Educational
Socioeconomic (radical)
Psychological

79
Q

what is the educational theory of health promotion

A

Provides knowledge and education to enable necessary skills to rate informed choices re health – may be menone –to-one group workshop
​ ​e.g. smoking, diet, diabetes

80
Q

what is the socioeconomic theory of health promotion

A

‘Makes healthy choice the easy choice’

National policies e.g. re unemployment, redistribute income.

81
Q

what is the psychological theory of health promotion

A

Complex relationship between behaviour, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. Activities start from an individual attitude to health and readiness to change. Emphasis on whether individual is ready to change. (e.g. smoking, alcohol).

82
Q

what is health promotion

A

an overarching principle/activity which enhances health and includes disease prevention, health education and health protection. It may be planned or opportunistic.

83
Q

what is health education

A

an activity involving communication with individuals or groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour in a direction which is conducive to improvements in health.

84
Q

what is health protection

A

-involves collective activities directed at factors which are beyond the control of the individual. Health protection activities tend to be regulations or policies, or voluntary codes of practice aimed at the prevention of ill health or the positive enhancement of well-being.

85
Q

what is primary prevention of heath aimed at

A

preventing the onset of the disease by removing or altering aetiological factors e.g. immunisation

86
Q

what is secondary prevention aimed at

A

to detect a disease at an early (pre-clinical) stage to achieve cure, prevent recurrence or reduce complications e.g. cervical screening

87
Q

what is tertiary prevention aimed at

A

-measures which aim to limit the disability or distress caused by a disease (encompasses rehabilitation) e.g. OT following a stroke

88
Q

what is empowerment

A

the generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situations nor act on the basis of their choices.

89
Q

what are benefits of empowerment

A

An ability to resist social pressure.
An ability to utilise effective coping strategies when faced by an unhealthy environment.
A heightened consciousness of action.

90
Q

give some challenges to health promotion

A

doctors cynical if resources are well spent

not good evidence

91
Q

describe the cycle of change

A

precontemplation > contemplation > ready for action > action > maintenance /> regression

92
Q

what are some examples of health promotion in primary care

A

Planned – Posters, Chronic disease clinics, vaccinations, QOF
Opportunistic – Advice within surgery, smoking, diet, taking BP

93
Q

what are some government examples of health promotion

A

Legislation – Legal age limits, Smoking ban, Health and safety, Clean air act, Highway code
Economic – Tax on cigarettes and alcohol
Education – HEBS (ask students to recall adverts they’ve seen)

94
Q

what is primary prevention

A

Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury
Reduces probability and/or severity of illness or injury
e.g. Smoking Cessation or Immunisation

95
Q

what is secondary prevention

A

Detection of a disease at an early (preclinical) stage in order to cure, prevent, or lessen symptomatology”

96
Q

what is wilsons criteria for screening

A

Illness – important, natural history understood, pre-symptomatic stage
Test – easy, acceptable, cost effective, sensitive and specific
Treatment – acceptable, cost effective, better if early

97
Q

what is tertiary prevention

A

“measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease” e.g. OA, motor neurone disease eg OT physio care manager

98
Q

what is homeostasis

A

a tendency to stability

99
Q

what is the role of parenting on lifelong health

A

Habits and lifestyles established in adolescence
Smoking is more than twice as likely if your parents smoke
Neglect and abuse recur.

100
Q

what are the common reasons for a child seeing their GP

A

Feeding problems (new babies especially) pyrexia, URTI, coughs/colds, rashes, otalgia, sore throat, vomiting +/- diarrhoea, abdominal pains, behavioural problems (older infants and will depend on area / parent(s) situation).

101
Q

what are important aspects of consultations with children

A

Listening, watching, observing, examining properly, putting child at ease as well as parent / guardian, be seen to take it seriously, parental understanding, explain in clear language what your thinking is and plans are
Ethnic issues, language issues, referring if necessary, reporting if necessary [child protection issues])

102
Q

why might parents present a child to GP that is actually well

A

someone else urging them to act, anxiety re a normal illness, inexperience, single parent with no support, parenting difficulty manifesting as child illness, parent depression / anxiety, social issues, child presenting to them with difficult symptoms to interpret, child abuse by a partner

103
Q

how might a GP manage an overly anxious patient

A

listening, examining, considering ICE, rapport, explaining properly, consensus, allowing questions, offering second opinion, no dogma, facilitating a return visit.

104
Q

what percentage of families eat together on weekdays and weekends

A

weekdays - 58%

weekends - 61%

105
Q

how much sleep do teenagers need a night

A

8-10 hours

106
Q

what % of teenegers report getting 8 1/2 hours sleep on school nights

A

15%

107
Q

what affects does screen time have on us

A

detrimental effect on sleep quality, and physical and cognitive ability. It can result in poorer mental health.

108
Q

what are the NHS guidelines on exercise for teenagers

A

at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise daily for teenagers.

109
Q

what is the average weekly screen time in children

A

24 hours a week

110
Q

what are the 6 principles of realistic medicine (2015)

A

Build a personalised approach to care
Change our style to shared decision-making
Reduce unnecessary variation in practice and outcomes
Reduce harm and waste
Manage risk better
Become improvers and innovators

111
Q

what is a citizens panel

A

large, demographically representative group of citizens regularly used to assess public preferences and opinions

112
Q

what are the 5 questions from choosing wisely UK to prompt better conversations between clinicians and patients

A

is this test/ treatment/ procedure really needed?
what are the potential benefits and risks?
what are the possible side effects?
are there simpler, safer or alternative treatment options?
what would happen if i did nothing?

113
Q

according to the survey by Our Voice’s panel, what makes a good doctor

A

knowledge / qualifications
good listener
friendly/ approachable

114
Q

according to the survey by Our Voice’s panel, what are the most important elements of a consultation

A

feeling listened to/ not rushed
clear communication
resolution/ diagnosis/ outcome

115
Q

what is the role of the scottish intensive care society audit group

A

informs and design ways that routine data can be used to design routine quality monitoring and improvement systems across the country

116
Q

define sociology

A

The study of the development, structure and functioning of human society

117
Q

what things does sociology study in health

A

peoples’ interactions with those engaged in medical occupations
the way people make sense of illness
the behaviour and interactions of health care professionals in their work setting

118
Q

what are health care professional role in the sick role

A

be objective and not judge patients morally
not act out of self-interest or greed but put patient’s interests first
obey a professional code of practice
have and maintain the necessary knowledge and skills to treat patients
has the right to examine patient intimately, prescribe treatment and has wide autonomy in medical practice

119
Q

give some benefits of volunteering

A 
gain confidence
make a difference 
met people
be part of a community 
learn new skills
take on a challenge
120
Q

what things to voluntary sector organisations do

A

Provide a means of engaging effectively with communities and individuals
Deliver a range of services which may help to reduce health inequalities, including:
– Promoting healthy living to groups of people who may not use mainstream services
– Supporting people to access relevant services NHS Health Scotland

121
Q

are well educated people likely to be more or less heathy than less educated

A

more healthy

better understanding of health, more effective engagement with health care services such as screening programmes

122
Q

what things does employment provide for people

A

financial security
social contacts
status in society
purpose in life

123
Q

how is GP not equal in scotland

A

distribution of GPs across Scotland does not reflect the levels of deprivation

124
Q

what are health benefits of active travel such as cycling and walking

A

improved mental health, reduced risk of premature death, prevention of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, depression, dementia and cancer

125
Q

how does the media influence our health

A

Shapes and stereotypes our views

Shapes our expectations

126
Q

what is the key determinant of health inequalities

A

deprivation

age, gender, ethnicity also

127
Q

what health affects are children in the most deprived areas likely to have

A

more likely to have lower birth weight, poorer dental health, higher obesity and higher rates of teenage pregnancy

128
Q

list some vulnerable groups

A 
homeless
learning disability
refugees
prisoners
LGBT
129
Q

what is meant by inverse care law

A

those who most need medical care are least likely to receive it and conversely, those with least need of health care tend to use health services more, and more effectively

130
Q

give factors that can reduce health inequalities

A

Effective partnership across a range of sectors and organisations e.g. to promote health, improve patient education about health
Evaluate and refine integration of health and social care
Government policies and legislation e.g. smoking ban, Keep Well campaign
Time to invest in the more vulnerable patient groups
Improve access to health and social care services and professionals
Reduction in poverty
Social inclusion policies
Improved employment opportunities for all
Ensuring equal access to education in all areas
Improved housing in deprived areas

FOPC (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions