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PATHOLOGY > 3rd Shifting - LQ1 part 1 > Flashcards

3rd Shifting - LQ1 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

mutation in FOXP3 gene

A

AUTOIMMUNE ENTEROPATHY

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2
Q

 Clinical triad of Inflammatory polyp

A

o Rectal bleeding o Mucus discharge o Inflammatory lesion of anterior rectal wall

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3
Q

most common form of Esophageal Fistula

A

Blind upper segment with fistula b/w lower segment and trachea (Type B)

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3
Q

Characters of ulcers caused by HSV and CMV

A

HSV: punched-out ulcers CMV: shallower ulcerations

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3
Q

Most common pathogenic parasitic infection in humans

A

Giardia lamblia

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4
Q

Most common clinical symptoms of GERD/ Reflux Esophagitis

A

o Dysphagia o Heartburn o Noticeable regurgitation of sour-tasting gastric contents

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4
Q

antibiotic- assoc. colitis / antibiotic-assoc. diarrhea is caused by?

A

C. difficile (PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS)

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5
Q

Incomplete closure of the abdominal musculature leading to herniation of abdominal viscera into ventral membranous sac

A

Omphalocele

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5
Q

Malformed submucosal and mucosal blood vessels

A

ANGIODYSPLASIA

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6
Q

most common Gastric malignancy from extranodal lymphoma

A

extra-nodal marginal zone B-cell

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6
Q

Lipid membrane defects in Abetalipoproteinemia

A

burr cells (presence of acanthocytic red cells)

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6
Q

Requirement for the diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

o Abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3 days per month over 3 months o Improvement w/ defecation o Change in stool frequency or form

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7
Q

Examples of Hypertrophic gastropathies

A

Ménétrier disease Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

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8
Q

Triad Symptoms of Achalasia

A

o Incomplete LES relaxation o Increased LES tone o Aperistalsis of the esophagus

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8
Q

Inability to secrete triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

A

ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA

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8
Q

Most common tumor of appendix

A

Carcinoid

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9
Q

two phases of Intestinal responses to ischemia

A

Initial hypoxic injury Reperfusion injury

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9
Q

Aka celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy

A

CELIAC DISEASE

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10
Q

pain caused by minor pelvic bleeding at time of ovulation

A

Mittelschmerz

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12
Q

Meckel diverticulum occurs in the?

A

ileum

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12
Q

Meckel diverticulum occurs as a result of failed involution of the

A

Vitelline Ducts

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12
Q

congenital aganglionic megacolon

A

HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

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14
Q

most frequent site of GI ectopia

A

Inlet Patch (upper 3rd of esophagus)

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15
Q

Present in tumors populated by immature cells derived from basal layer of transitional epithelium

A

Basaloid

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16
Q

Chronic condition of Inappropriate mucosal immune activation

A

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

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17
Q

upper esophageal webs accompanied by IDA, glossitis, and cheilosis

A

Paterson-Brown-Kelly or Plummer-Vinson syndrome

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18
Q

Acquired pseudo-diverticular outpouchings of colonic mucosa and submucosa

A

SIGMOID DIVERTICULITIS

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19
Q

Mutation in Abetalipoproteinemia

A

microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)

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19
Q

Susceptibility genes in Crohn disease

A

NOD2 (nucleotide oligomerization binding domain 2) ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like) IRGM (immunity-related GTPase M)

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20
Q

Presents w/ multiple GI hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation

A

PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME

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21
Q

Autoantibodies to enterocytes and goblet cells

A

AUTOIMMUNE ENTEROPATHY

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21
Q

Hallmark of Crohn disease

A

Noncaseating granulomas

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23
Q

large numbers of superficial intraepithelial eosinophils

A

EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS

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24
Q

Germline mutations in CDH1

A

Gastricadenocarcinoma

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24
Q

uncommon complication of Shigellosis

A

Reiter Syndrome

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24
Q

Most common tumors of the peritoneum

A

desmoplastic small round cell tumor

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25
Q

Exuberant reactive epithelial proliferation assoc. w/ entrapment of epithelial-lined cysts

A

Gastric Cystica

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26
Q

Morphologic alterations in celiac disease

A

 Villous atrophy  Increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs)  Epithelial proliferation with crypt elongation

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27
Q

gastric, duodenal, and esophageal ulcers arising in persons with intracranial disease

A

Cushing ulcers

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28
Q

Blood supply of the GIT

A

o Celiac artery o Superior mesenteric artery o Inferior mesenteric artery

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29
Q

most common cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in N. America

A

V. parahaemolyticus

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30
Q

When present in the distal esophagus, above the gastroesophageal junction

A

A rings

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31
Q

Inherited mutations in genes that encode proteins responsible for the detection, excision, and repair of errors that occur during DNA replication

A

HEREDITARY NON-POLYPOSIS COLORECTAL CANCER (HNPCC) aka Lynch syndrome

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32
Q

Most common cause of Chronic Gastritis

A

H. pylori infection

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34
Q

Small patches of ectopic gastric mucosa in small bowel or colon

A

Gastric Heterotopia

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34
Q

Diagnostic requirements of GERD

A
  1. Endoscopic evidence of abnormal mucosa above the gastroesophageal junction 2. Histologically documented intestinal metaplasia (goblet cells)
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35
Q

Second most common cause of pediatric diarrhea

A

Adenovirus

36
Q

Presence of hamartomatous polyps of stomach, s. intestine, and colorectum

A

CRONKHITE-CANADA SYNDROME

38
Q

tumor that rises from Barrett esophagus and long- standing GERD

A

Adenocarcinoma

38
Q

Hallmark of Malabsorption

A

Steatorrhea

40
Q

Giant cerebriform enlargement of rugal folds d/t epithelial hyperplasia w/o inflammation linked to excessive growth factor release

A

Hypertrophic gastropathies

40
Q

Intestinal segments at the end of their respective arterial supplies are particularly susceptible

A

watershed zones

41
Q

Genetic cause of HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE (familial cases)

A

receptor tyrosine kinase RET

41
Q

Caused by failure of distal esophageal inhibitory neurons

A

Primary Achalasia

42
Q

Gastritis that may progress to involve gastric body and fundus

A

Pangastritis

43
Q

Most common cause of atrophic gastritis / without H. pylori infection

A

Autoimmune gastritis

44
Q

Chronic, relapsing abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

45
Q

Phases of Nutrient Absorption disrupted by Malabsorption

A
  1. Intraluminal digestion 2. Terminal digestion 3. Transepithelial transport 4. Lymphatic transport of absorbed lipids
45
Q

Most common bacterial enteric pathogen

A

C. jejuni

45
Q

development of numerous mucosal lymphoid follicles is the characteristic of this disease

A

DIVERSION COLITIS

45
Q

polyp that forms as part of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome

A

Inflammatory polyp

47
Q

most common site of GI neoplasia

A

Colon

48
Q

Distal esophageal rupture and mediastinitis (Catastrophic event)

A

Boerhaave syndrome

48
Q

SMAD4 - Most common mutation

A

JUVENILE POLYPS

50
Q

Morphologic signature of Ischemic Bowel Disease

A

Surface epithelial atrophy Normal or hyperproliferative crypts

52
Q

result of epithelial or stromal cell hyperplasia, inflammation, ectopia, or neoplasia

A

Polyp

53
Q

a cause of acquired megacolon disease

A

Chagas disease

54
Q

Most common neoplastic polyp

A

Adenoma

55
Q

Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis is also associated with what 2 diseases?

A

Turner syndrome and trisomy 18

57
Q

Most common mesenchymal tumor of abdomen

A

GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR (GIST)

58
Q

painful, bloody, small-volume diarrhea

A

Dysentery

60
Q

part of stomach most commonly used for H. pylori biopsies

A

Antrum

62
Q

name the 3 psuedodiverticulae associated at the esophagus

A

Zenker / Pharyngoesophageal Diverticulum Traction Diverticulum Epiphrenic Diverticulum

63
Q

Whipple Disease caused by?

A

Tropheryma whippelii

65
Q

Located at the squamocolumnar junction of the lower esophagus

A

B rings

66
Q

Clinical Triad of Whipple Disease

A

diarrhea, weight loss, and malabsorption

68
Q

Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle contracts before the inner circular layer causing periodic short-lived esophageal obstruction

A

nutcracker esophagus

69
Q

Assoc. w/ loss-of-function mutations in PTEN

A

COWDEN SYNDROME AND BANNAYAN-RUVACALBA-RILEY SYNDROME

71
Q

T. cruzi causes destruction of myenteric plexus, failure of peristalsis, and esophageal dilatation

A

Secondary Achalasia

72
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS

A

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE (PUD) MUCOSAL ATROPHY AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA DYSPLASIA GASTRITIS CYSTICA

73
Q

Mutations of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene; At least 100 polyps necessary for diagnosis

A

FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS (FAP)

74
Q

Dilated appendix filled w/ mucin

A

Mucocele

76
Q

most common site of acquired diverticulae

A

sigmoid colon

76
Q

Gastrin-secreting tumors (gastrinomas); Within stomach, most remarkable feature: doubling of oxyntic mucosal thickness d/t 5x increase in no. of parietal cells

A

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

77
Q

complications of fistulas

A

Aspiration Suffocation Pneumonia Severe Fluid & Electrolyte imbalances

78
Q

Excessive secretion of TGF-α; hyperplasia of foveolar mucous cells

A

Ménétrier disease

79
Q

Most common sites in Crohn Disease

A

terminal ileum, ileocecal valve, and cecum

81
Q

Small patches of ectopic gastric mucosa in small bowel or colon that includes all three layers of the bowel wall

A

True Diverticulum

81
Q

distinctive thickened folds covered by small nodules with central aphthous ulceration

A

Varioliform

83
Q

Most common form of congenital intestinal atresia

A

Imperforate anus

85
Q

Gastric cystica in Submucosa

A

gastritis cystica polyposa

86
Q

Caused by gastric involvement by Crohn disease

A

Granulomatous Gastritis

87
Q

Similar to webs, but circumferential and thicker

A

Esophageal/Schatzki rings

88
Q

Result from dilation of superior hemorrhoidal plexus w/in distal rectum

A

Internal hemorrhoids

89
Q

uncontrolled release of gastrin by a tumor and the resulting massive acid production causes multiple peptic ulcerations in stomach, duodenum, and jejunum

A

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

91
Q

Triad of sterile arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis

A

Reiter Syndrome

92
Q

Flaccid paralysis and Autoimmune-induced inflammation of peripheral nerves due to C. jejuni

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

94
Q

Uncommon forms of Gastritis

A

Reactive Gastropathy Eosinophilic Gastritis Lymphocytic (Varioliform) Gastritis Granulomatous Gastritis

96
Q

longitudinal stripes of edematous erythematous mucosa alternating with less severely injured mucosa

A

Watermelon stomach

97
Q

One of the most feared long-term complications of IBD

A

COLITIS-ASSOCIATED NEOPLASIA

99
Q

Principal cause of traveler’s diarrhea

A

ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. COLI (ETEC)

100
Q

Malabsorption syndrome that occurs almost exclusively in people living in or visiting the tropics

A

TROPICAL SPRUE

102
Q

Most useful diagnostic marker in GIST

A

c-KIT

103
Q

o Alcohol-soluble fraction of gluten o Contains most of disease-producing components

A

Gliadin

104
Q

Complication of chronic GERD

A

Barret’s Esophagus

106
Q

Presence of neutrophils above basement membrane in direct contact w/ epithelial cells

A

Active inflammation

107
Q

Gastric cystica in Deeper layers of gastric wall

A

gastritis cystica profunda

108
Q

Most common cause of severe childhood diarrhea and diarrheal mortality worldwide

A

Rotavirus

109
Q

Uncommon ledge-like protrusions of mucosa

A

Esophageal mucosal webs

110
Q

Characteristics of Autoimmune Gastritis

A

o Antibodies to parietal cells o Reduced serum pepsinogen I concentration o Antral endocrine cell hyperplasia o Vitamin B12 deficiency o Achlorhydria

111
Q

presence of foamy macrophages and large numbers of argyrophilic rods in lymph nodes

A

Whipple Disease

112
Q

Tumors of the Esophagus

A

Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma

113
Q

Dense fibrosis that may extend to involve mesentery; Aka idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis/Ormond disease

A

SCLEROSING RETROPERITONITIS

114
Q

Most common malignancy of GIT

A

Adenocarcinoma

115
Q

mural thickening is not present, the serosal surface is normal, and strictures do not occur

A

Ulcerative colitis

116
Q

Longitudinal tears in the esophagus near the gastroesophageal junction

A

Mallory-Weiss tears

117
Q

Hepatocytes replaced by macrophage aggregates

A

Typhoid nodules

PATHOLOGY (9 decks)

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