3rd quarter exam (Gen Bio)

Question 1

the basic building blocks of proteins

Answer 1

Amino acids

Question 2

the linking together (or polymerization) of small organic molecules (like amino acids) to form larger ones, called biopolymers (like proteins).

Answer 2

Biosynthesis

Question 3

DNA meaning

Answer 3

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 4

a double-chain biopolymer that consists of two twisted chain-like molecules held together by organic molecules. It stores genetics.

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

RNA meaning

Answer 5

Ribonucleic acid

Question 6

is a single-strand molecule similar to one-half of a DNA strand that transmits genetic info.

Answer 6

RNA

Question 7

contains the information needed to construct an exact duplicate of the protein molecule.

Answer 7

RNA

Question 8

is the set of biochemical reactions by which organisms produce and extract food energy.

Answer 8

Metabolism

Question 9

is anaerobic metabolism - without oxygen.

Answer 9

Fermentation

Question 10

is aerobic metabolism - with oxygen.

Answer 10

Respiration

Question 11

process whereby plants use light energy to cause carbon dioxide to react with water.

Answer 11

Photosynthesis

Question 12

By products of Photosynthesis

Answer 12

Organic substances - carbohydrates
and free oxygen

Question 13

The solar system coalesced 4.6 b.y. ago from a cloud of cosmic dust and gas. Gravitational compaction caused nuclear fusion to begin in the sun.

Answer 13

Early Earth 4.6 b.y.

Question 14

(Early earth) gathered into larger clusters to make planets; leftover material formed asteroids and comets.

Answer 14

Planetesimals

Question 15

Probably molten at first, Earth was battered by repeated impacts of planetesimals. The first atmosphere was stripped away by solar wind or impacts, but was replenished by volcanic eruptions.

Answer 15

Early Earth 4.5 b.y.

Question 16

As Earth cooled, water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained out to form oceans - maybe as early as 4.4 b.y. ago.

Answer 16

Early Earth 4.4 b.y.

Question 17

Near the end of the intense bombardment period, about 3.8 b.y. ago, Earth still was wracked by meteorite impacts and volcanic eruptions. It was a tough place to make a living.

Answer 17

Early Life 3.8 b.y.

Question 18

The first life required chemosynthesis of organic compounds - such as amino acids - from inorganic materials like atmospheric gases, to make proteins.

Answer 18

Origin of Life

Question 19

One hypothesis suggests simple microbes first formed in aerosols - tiny liquid droplets or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere.

Answer 19

Origin of Life

Question 20

Because of the adverse surface conditions, the most likely place for life to develop might have been at deep ocean thermal springs, protected from meteorite bombardment. Both the raw materials and the heat needed for chemosynthesis would have been available here.

Answer 20

Origin of Life

Question 21

The first life was microbial.

Answer 21

Origin of Life 3.5 b.y. +?

Question 22

Meteorite ALH84001 was found in Antarctica in 1984. It is 4.5 b.y. old. Its chemistry is unlike Earth rocks - instead, it is like Mars rocks analyzed by remote landers.

Answer 22

Mars Life? 4.5-3.6 b.y.

Question 23

In 1996, tiny tube-like structures were discovered
inside the meteorite. Some scientists have interpreted these structures as fossils of microbes - if so, they would be at least 3.6 b.y. old.

Answer 23

Mars Life? 4.5-3.6 b.y.

Question 24

Chemical sediments from 2.0 to 1.8 b.y. consist of oxygen-poor iron minerals plus oxygen-rich iron minerals

Answer 24

Oxygen Atmosphere 1.8 b.y.

Question 25

All organisms are composed of cells, a complex grouping of chemical compounds enclosed in a membrane, or porous wall.

Answer 25

Early Life

Question 26

(Early life) store their DNA in a poorly defined part of the cell, not separated from the cytoplasm - the main body of the cell - by a membrane.

Answer 26

Prokaryotic cells

Question 27

(Early life) include a distinct nucleus surrounded by a membrane, as well as other membrane-bounded organelles - well defined parts that each have a specific function.

Answer 27

Eukaryotic cells

Question 28

the earliest and simplest cell forms; many are anaerobic.

Answer 28

Prokaryotic cells

Question 29

are larger and more complex; most require oxygen.

Answer 29

Eukaryotic cells

Question 30

bones and other hard parts are replaced by minerals carried in solution by groundwater.

Answer 30

Mineralization

Question 31

has been replaced by mineralization.

Answer 31

Petrified wood

Question 32

indirect evidence of organisms: tracks and trails wormholes and burrows nests feces (coprolites) calcite mounds (stromatolites)

Answer 32

Trace fossils

Question 33

Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands in 1832. He observed many species of finches on the islands, whereas only one lives on the nearby continent of South America.

Answer 33

Evolution

Question 34

(Evolution) Darwin hypothesized that species can adapt to new conditions through

Answer 34

natural selection

Question 35

Over time, the entire population will evolve towards a better adaptation.

Answer 35

Evolution

Question 36

A study of DNA released in mid-1999 showed that all the Galapagos finches are closely related to each other.

Answer 36

Evolution

Question 37

DNA from Galapagos iguanas shows that they have evolved about 7 m.y. since splitting off from their South American cousins.

Answer 37

Evolution

Question 38

3.5 b.y.: The oldest known fossils are chains of prokaryotic cells from a chert in W. Australia.

Answer 38

Fossil Record - Archean

Question 39

(Fossil Record - Precambrian) are layers of calcium carbonate that form in warm, shallow seas by the activities of photosynthetic bacteria.

Answer 39

Stromatolites

Question 40

(Fossil Record - Proterozoic) oldest fossils of larger, multicellular, soft-bodied marine animals.

Answer 40

Ediacara fauna

Question 41

Plants: Land plants probably evolved from green algae about 600 m.y. ago. Life on land may have looked like this.

Answer 41

Fossil Record - Late Proterozoic

Question 42

545-505 m.y.a. - beginning of period of great diversification: Higher atmospheric oxygen affected skeletal biochemistry and supported larger organisms. Ozone developed to level where it blocked ultraviolet radiation. Eukaryotes invented sexual reproduction. Hard parts appeared.

Answer 42

Fossil Record - Cambrian

Question 43

490-443 m.y.a.: Seas held abundant marine invertebrates with sophisticated adaptations to different conditions.

Answer 43

Fossil Record - Ordovician

Question 44

438-408 m.y.a.: This was the “Golden Age” of cephalopods and brachiopods (a clam-like shellfish).

Answer 44

Fossil Record - Silurian

Question 45

408-360 m.y.a.: The “Golden Age” of fishes

Answer 45

Fossil Record - Devonian

Question 46

408-360 m.y.a.: Land plants became common. Vascular plants developed - club mosses and ferns.

Answer 46

Fossil Record - Devonian

Question 47

380-360 m.y.a. - First seed plants - the naked-seed plants - developed. Gymnosperms like Glossopteris developed. Ginkgos are long-lived relics of the ancient family of naked-seed plants, so are conifers.

Answer 47

Fossil Record - Late Devonian

Question 48

360-286 m.y.a.: Age of amphibians; first winged reptiles and first winged insects. Widespread forests and swamps.

Answer 48

Fossil Record - Carboniferous

Question 49

320-290 m.y.a.: peat swamps common, with scale trees, seed ferns, scouring rushes, and large dragonflies

Answer 49

Fossil Record - Pennsylvanian

Question 50

286-248 m.y.a.: Amphibians decline; reptiles and insects increase; first mammal-like reptiles appear. Nonseed plants decline.

Answer 50

Fossil Record - Permian

Question 51

225 m.y.a.: First dinosaurs and mammals; explosive radiation of dinosaurs. (Primitive Ornithischia, an early dinosaur)

Answer 51

Fossil Record - Triassic

Question 52

213-144 m.y.a.: The Age of dinosaurs; forests of gymnosperms and ferns cover most of Earth. Birds appear.

Answer 52

Fossil Record - Jurassic

Question 53

144-65 m.y.a.: Plesiosaurs infested the beaches

Answer 53

Fossil Record - Cretaceous

Question 54

144-65 m.y.a. - first flowering plants appear. After the K-T boundary, flowering plants diversify and spread explosively over the planet, as do mammals.

Answer 54

Fossil Record - Cretaceous and Tertiary

Question 55

65.0 m.y.a.: Cretaceous -Tertiary Boundary Many species and genera, including the dinosaurs, died out at end of Cretaceous One hypothesis: Earth was hit by a meteorite - at Chixulub, in the Yucatan area of Mexico

Answer 55

Fossil Record - K-T Boundary

Question 56

65-54.9 m.y.a.: Beginning of modern life forms following the K-T Boundary extinctions. Age of mammals began, grasslands spread.

Answer 56

Fossil Record - Tertiary: Paleocene

Question 57

38.0-24.6 m.y.a.: horses, antelopes, cats, oreodonts

Answer 57

Fossil Record - Tertiary: Oligocene

Question 58

24.6-5.1 m.y.a.: horses, antelopes, and other mammals.

Answer 58

Fossil Record - Tertiary: Miocene

Question 59

2.0-0.1 m.y.a.: deer family and elephant family

Answer 59

Fossil Record - Quaternary: Pleistocene

Question 60

2.0-0.01 m.y.a.: horses, cats, elephants, bison, dire wolves

Answer 60

Fossil Record - Quaternary: Pleistocene

Question 61

2.0-0.01 m.y.a.: mammals successfully colonized all environments

Answer 61

Fossil Record - Quaternary: Pleistocene

Question 62

2.0-0.01 m.y.a.: subglacial areas, La Brea tar pits, S. CA

Answer 62

Fossil Record - Quaternary: Pleistocene

Question 63

< 0.1 m.y.a.: Western Nebraska when first humans were appearing

Answer 63

Fossil Record - Quaternary: Pleistocene

Question 64

4.4-0 m.y.a.: Hominids diverged from an early ape-like family. (Poor fossil record and missing transitional forms complicate the story and leave many gaps, but new fossils are being found each year.)

Answer 64

Fossil Record - Quaternary

Question 65

Hominids (Cont.) Homo erectus - 1.8-0.4 m.y. (Peking man, Java man: developed large brains, tools, weapons, fire, and learned to cook food.)

Answer 65

Fossil Record - Quaternary

Question 66

Homo sapiens sapiens - 120,000-present

Answer 66

Fossil Record - Quaternary: Holocene

Question 67

invented big bang theory

Answer 67

Georges Lemaitre

Question 68

4 Divisions of Geological Time Scale

Answer 68

Eons, Era, Period, Epoch

Question 69

Largest Division (hundred to thousands mya)

Answer 69

Eons

Question 70

Span-time period (ten to hundred mya)

Answer 70

Era

Question 71

span no more than one hundred mya

Answer 71

Period

Question 72

Smallest division of GTS characterized by distinctive characteristics

Answer 72

Epoch

Question 73

Phanerozoic Eon

Answer 73

Paleozoic(544-250 mya), Cenozoic (250-65 mya), Mesozoic (65- present mya)

Question 74

Middle Animals= Age of Reptiles and Dinosaurs

Answer 74

Paleozoic and Mesozoic

Question 75

Age of Mammals, Age of flowers, Age of insects

Answer 75

Cenozoic

Question 76

The 4 Eras

Answer 76

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Question 77

Periods under Paleozoic

Answer 77

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

Question 78

Periods under Mesozoic

Answer 78

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

Question 79

Periods under Cenozoic

Answer 79

Tertiary, Quaternary