Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Edexcel > 3rd Form > Flashcards

3rd Form Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosones
Controls growth, cell division etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Boundry between cytoplasm and the cells surroundings. Selectivly permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like liquid where chemical reactions occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carries out aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesises proteins from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chloroplasts(plant only)

A

Absorbs light energy and uses it for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell Wall (plant only)

A

Made of cellulose. Used to keep pant cells in a fixed position (and therefore upright)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vacuole (plant only)

A

Filled with cell sap, stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Red blood cell adaptations

A

Contains hemoglobin to bind to oxygen for transportation
No nucleus
Biconcave- high sa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sperm cell adaptations

A

Flagellum (move faster)
Mitochondria to provide energy for swimming
Acrosome to digest outer later of egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Palisade adaptations

A

Many chloroplasts- trap light energy
Tall and thin- cells packed tightly so more light that reaches the leaf is absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lipid use

A

Energy Storage
Buoyancy
Thermal insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sugar test

A

Benedicts test
Add to a sample of food
Put in a water bath at 80c for 5 min
Blue to Brick red if sugars present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine test
Add a few drops of iodine solution
Yellow to blue/black if starch present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protein test

A

Buiret test
Add 2cm watere
Add 2cm of dilute potassium hydroxide
Add 2 drops of 1% copper sulphate solution
Light blue to Light purple if Protein present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lipids test

A

Emulsion test
Add abolsute ethanol
Add equal volume water
Colourless to cloudy if lipids present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define a catalyst

A

A catalyst is a chemical which increases the rate of reaction without being used in the reaction itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lock and Key theory

A

The substrate and enzyme collide.
The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme.
Binding to the active site strains the chemical bonds in the substrate molecules and so the reaction occurs by an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy (the energy needed for a reaction to occur).
Once the reaction has occurred the products do not fit the active site’s shape as well as the substrate did, so they are released.
After the reaction the enzyme molecule is free to catalyse the next reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What affects the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?

A

Tempurature
Ph
Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 DNA bases

A

Adenine
+
Thymine
Cystatine
+
Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a proper nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do:
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Store Carbohydrates?

A

Plants- Starch or sucrose
Animals-Glycogen
Fungi-Glygogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of cell wall do:
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Have?

A

Plants-Cellulose cell wall
Animals-No cell wall
Fungi- Chitin cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name one protocista and what it creates

A

Plasmodium - the protoctista
which causes malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What differentiates Prokaryotes/bacteria?
No nucleaus- single celled- contain one chromosone
26
What differentiates a virus?
Contains one strand of DNA surrounded by a protein coat
27
Give an example of a virus
Influenza infects humans causing a cough and temperature
28
How do decomposers feed?
Saphrotropic nurition
29
Word and balanced equations for aerobic respiration in humans
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
30
Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
31
Anearobic respiration in animals
glucose → lactic acid
32
Carbon dioxide test
bubble through limewater- cloudy if present
33
Diffusion definition
The random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
34
What 4 things affect rate of diffusion?
tempurature distance SA to volume ratio concentration gradient
35
Name the main parts of the gas exchange system
Larynx (voice box) Trachea Bronchus Bonchi Alveoli Intercostal muscles Diaghram Pleural membrane
36
Inhalation muscle movment
Diaphram contracts Intercoastal muscles contract Volume of thoraz increases Air pressure in thorax falls
37
Exhalation muscle movment
Diaphram relaxes Intercoastal muscles relax Volume of thorax decreases Air pressure rises
38
Describe how oxygen and Co2 diffuse in and out of the cell.
Oxygen diffuses from the air into the red blood cells, where it binds with the haemoglobin for transport. Carbon dioxide, dissolved in the plasma, diffuses from the blood into the alveolus.
39
How are alveoli adapted for diffusion?
1. High SA- microvili Short diffusion distance- one cell thick Capillarys keep concentration gradient high.
40
Function, source and deficiency of Iron
Forms haemoglobin, Red meat, Anemia
41
Function, source and deficiency of calcium
To form bones and teeth, milk, fish, Rickets
42
Function, source and deficiency of Vit A
Making a chemical in the retina, protecting the surface of the eye, carrots, Night blindness.
43
Function, source and deficiency of Vit C
Cells and tissues to stick together, Fresh Fruit, scurvy
44
Function, source and deficiency of Vit D
Needed to absorb calcium and phosphate, oily fish, Rickets,
45
Ingestion
Taking food in through the mouth and swallowing
46
Digestion
Breaking down large insoluble molecules in food into smaller pieces (physical digestion) and smaller, soluble molecules (chemical digestion)
47
Absorbtion
Movement of small soluble molecules out of the gut and into the blood by diffusion and active transport
48
Egestion
Passing out undigested food through the anus
49
Assimilation
Building larger biological molecules from the small soluble molecules, in all cells
50
Amylase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action
Mouth, Salivary glands, Starch to maltose
51
Pepsin- location, source of enzyme, digestive action
Stomach, Gastric glands in stomach wall, Proteins to peptides
52
2nd Amylase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action
Duodendum, Pancreas, Starch to maltose
53
Lipase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action
Duodendum, Pancreas, Lipids to fatty acids+glycerol
54
Trypsin- location, source of enzyme, digestive action
Duodendum, Pancreas, Proteins to Peptides.
55
Maltase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action
Doudendum, linding of duodendum, Maltose to Glucose
56
Peptidase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action
Doudendum, lining of duodendum, Peptides to Amino Acids
57
Lungs to Heart
Pulmonary Vein
58
Heart to other organs
Aorta
59
Aorta to liver
Hepatic Artery
60
Aorta to Gut
Mesentric Artery
61
Aorta to Kidneys
Renal Artery
62
Kidneys to Vena Cava
Renal Vein
63
Gut to Liver
Hepatic portal vein
64
Liver to Vena Cava
Hepatic Vein
65
Heart to Lungs
Pulmonary Artery
66
What do the left and right sides of the heart do?
67
What does Plasma store/carry?
Urea, Co2, hormones
68
Phagocytes
Engulf and digest pathogens
69
Lymphocytes
Make and release antibodies, which bind to and destroy pathogens
70
Structure of an Artery
Thick outer wall Thick muscular wal Small Lumen
71
Structure of a vein
Thin layers of muscle Large Lumen Thin outer wall
72
Structure of a capillary
Small Lumen 1 cell thick outer wall
73
Word and balanced equation for photoynthesis
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
74
Use of glucose in plants
DNA, amino acids, chlorophyll
75
Nitrates use in plants and deficiency
Needed to make amino acids, Stunted growth
76
Magnesium use in plants and deficiency
To make chlorophyll, yellow leaves
77
Phosphate use in plants and deficiency
Nucleaic acids, Purple leaves
78
Bile uses
1. Neautralises stomach acids 2. Emulsifies lipids
79
Test for starch plants
1. Heat in boiling water 2. Place in warm water to soften 3. Place in spotting tile and put iodine on (Imporive experiment by putting it in an inverted gas measuring cylinder)
80
What happens when Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin
carboxyhaemoglobin
81
Why does smoking create the smokers cough? What causes Bronchitis?
The chemicals in the tobacco destroy the cilia in the throat. This causes the build up of muscus that the body cannot exepl, creating the smokers cough. The build up of musucs in the bronchus and bronchioles creates Bronchitis.
82
Cause of emphysima
Smoke reaches the alveoli, causing them to break down and fuse, causing irregular shapes. This decreases SA, reducing the amount of oxygen that can be diffused into the blood.
83
How does saturated fat lead to blood flow restrictions?
Fatty deposits will build up in the artery walls. The fatty deposits narrow the lumen of the artery. This is a particular problem in the narrow coronary arteries as it restricts blood flow to the heart muscles cells.
84
How can resticted blood flow lead to heart attacks?
The fatty deposits cause the heart muscle cells to receive less blood. This means that the heart muscle cells receive less oxygen (and glucose) for aerobic respiration. As a result aerobic respiration reduces and anaerobic respiration increases in the heart muscle cells. Lactic acid will build up due to the increase in anaerobic respiration, poisoning the heart muscle cells and causing heart attacks.
85
Animals- Cell wall and carbohydrate storage
No cell wall Glycogen storage
86
Plants- Cell wall and carbohydrate storage
Carbs stored as starch or sucrose Cellulose cell wall
87
Fungi- Cell wall and carbohydrate storage and structure
Store Carbs as Glycogen Chitin cell wall consist of threads of cells called hyphae. Whole structure is called a mycelium
88
Defining features of bacteria
Flagellum Plasmids No nucleaus- single chromosome Cell wall and membrane
89
Pathogen example
Plasmodium- malaria
90
Fungi example
Mucor
91
Protoctist example
Amoeba
92
How does plasma stop bleeding
If the platelets are exposed to oxygen plasma protein fibrinogen changed into insoluble protein fibrin. The fibrin forms a network of fibres across the cut, which trap platelets and red blood cells. This forms a clot, or scab, which prevents further loss of blood. It also acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of pathogens.
93
Carbon dioxide/heat production from pea test
2 sets of peas in thermos flasks Both in milton solution to kill bacteria 1 set dead(as a control to compare), 1 live Measure temp change in each Gas deliver tube to bubble through limewater
94

Biology Edexcel (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions