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Biology Edexcel > 3rd Form > Flashcards

3rd Form Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosones
Controls growth, cell division etc

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2
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Boundry between cytoplasm and the cells surroundings. Selectivly permeable

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like liquid where chemical reactions occur

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carries out aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesises proteins from amino acids

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6
Q

Chloroplasts(plant only)

A

Absorbs light energy and uses it for photosynthesis

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7
Q

Cell Wall (plant only)

A

Made of cellulose. Used to keep pant cells in a fixed position (and therefore upright)

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8
Q

Vacuole (plant only)

A

Filled with cell sap, stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions.

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9
Q

Red blood cell adaptations

A

Contains hemoglobin to bind to oxygen for transportation
No nucleus
Biconcave- high sa

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10
Q

Sperm cell adaptations

A

Flagellum (move faster)
Mitochondria to provide energy for swimming
Acrosome to digest outer later of egg

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11
Q

Palisade adaptations

A

Many chloroplasts- trap light energy
Tall and thin- cells packed tightly so more light that reaches the leaf is absorbed

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12
Q

Lipid use

A

Energy Storage
Buoyancy
Thermal insulation

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13
Q

Sugar test

A

Benedicts test
Add to a sample of food
Put in a water bath at 80c for 5 min
Blue to Brick red if sugars present

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14
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine test
Add a few drops of iodine solution
Yellow to blue/black if starch present

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15
Q

Protein test

A

Buiret test
Add 2cm watere
Add 2cm of dilute potassium hydroxide
Add 2 drops of 1% copper sulphate solution
Light blue to Light purple if Protein present

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16
Q

Lipids test

A

Emulsion test
Add abolsute ethanol
Add equal volume water
Colourless to cloudy if lipids present

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17
Q

Define a catalyst

A

A catalyst is a chemical which increases the rate of reaction without being used in the reaction itself.

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18
Q

Lock and Key theory

A

The substrate and enzyme collide.
The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme.
Binding to the active site strains the chemical bonds in the substrate molecules and so the reaction occurs by an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy (the energy needed for a reaction to occur).
Once the reaction has occurred the products do not fit the active site’s shape as well as the substrate did, so they are released.
After the reaction the enzyme molecule is free to catalyse the next reaction.

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19
Q

What affects the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?

A

Tempurature
Ph
Concentration

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20
Q

4 DNA bases

A

Adenine
+
Thymine
Cystatine
+
Guanine

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21
Q

Define Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a proper nucleus

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22
Q

How do:
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Store Carbohydrates?

A

Plants- Starch or sucrose
Animals-Glycogen
Fungi-Glygogen

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23
Q

What type of cell wall do:
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Have?

A

Plants-Cellulose cell wall
Animals-No cell wall
Fungi- Chitin cell wall

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24
Q

Name one protocista and what it creates

A

Plasmodium - the protoctista
which causes malaria

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25
Q

What differentiates Prokaryotes/bacteria?

A

No nucleaus- single celled- contain one chromosone

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26
Q

What differentiates a virus?

A

Contains one strand of DNA surrounded by a protein coat

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27
Q

Give an example of a virus

A

Influenza infects humans causing a cough and temperature

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28
Q

How do decomposers feed?

A

Saphrotropic nurition

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29
Q

Word and balanced equations for aerobic respiration in humans

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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30
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi

A

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

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31
Q

Anearobic respiration in animals

A

glucose → lactic acid

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32
Q

Carbon dioxide test

A

bubble through limewater- cloudy if present

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33
Q

Diffusion definition

A

The random movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of lower concentration

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34
Q

What 4 things affect rate of diffusion?

A

tempurature
distance
SA to volume ratio
concentration gradient

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35
Q

Name the main parts of the gas exchange system

A

Larynx (voice box)
Trachea
Bronchus
Bonchi
Alveoli
Intercostal muscles
Diaghram
Pleural membrane

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36
Q

Inhalation muscle movment

A

Diaphram contracts
Intercoastal muscles contract
Volume of thoraz increases
Air pressure in thorax falls

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37
Q

Exhalation muscle movment

A

Diaphram relaxes
Intercoastal muscles relax
Volume of thorax decreases
Air pressure rises

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38
Q

Describe how oxygen and Co2 diffuse in and out of the cell.

A

Oxygen diffuses from the air into the
red blood cells, where it binds with the
haemoglobin for transport. Carbon
dioxide, dissolved in the plasma,
diffuses from the blood into the
alveolus.

39
Q

How are alveoli adapted for diffusion?

A
  1. High SA- microvili
    Short diffusion distance- one cell thick
    Capillarys keep concentration gradient high.
40
Q

Function, source and deficiency of Iron

A

Forms haemoglobin, Red meat, Anemia

41
Q

Function, source and deficiency of calcium

A

To form bones and teeth, milk, fish, Rickets

42
Q

Function, source and deficiency of Vit A

A

Making a chemical in the retina, protecting the surface of the eye, carrots, Night blindness.

43
Q

Function, source and deficiency of Vit C

A

Cells and tissues to stick together, Fresh Fruit, scurvy

44
Q

Function, source and deficiency of Vit D

A

Needed to absorb calcium and phosphate, oily fish, Rickets,

45
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food in through the mouth and swallowing

46
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down large insoluble molecules in food into smaller pieces
(physical digestion) and smaller, soluble molecules (chemical digestion)

47
Q

Absorbtion

A

Movement of small soluble molecules out of the gut and into the
blood by diffusion and active transport

48
Q

Egestion

A

Passing out undigested food through the anus

49
Q

Assimilation

A

Building larger biological molecules from the small soluble molecules,
in all cells

50
Q

Amylase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action

A

Mouth, Salivary glands, Starch to maltose

51
Q

Pepsin- location, source of enzyme, digestive action

A

Stomach, Gastric glands in stomach wall, Proteins to peptides

52
Q

2nd Amylase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action

A

Duodendum, Pancreas, Starch to maltose

53
Q

Lipase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action

A

Duodendum, Pancreas, Lipids to fatty acids+glycerol

54
Q

Trypsin- location, source of enzyme, digestive action

A

Duodendum, Pancreas, Proteins to Peptides.

55
Q

Maltase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action

A

Doudendum, linding of duodendum, Maltose to Glucose

56
Q

Peptidase- location, source of enzyme, digestive action

A

Doudendum, lining of duodendum, Peptides to Amino Acids

57
Q

Lungs to Heart

A

Pulmonary Vein

58
Q

Heart to other organs

A

Aorta

59
Q

Aorta to liver

A

Hepatic Artery

60
Q

Aorta to Gut

A

Mesentric Artery

61
Q

Aorta to Kidneys

A

Renal Artery

62
Q

Kidneys to Vena Cava

A

Renal Vein

63
Q

Gut to Liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

64
Q

Liver to Vena Cava

A

Hepatic Vein

65
Q

Heart to Lungs

A

Pulmonary Artery

66
Q

What do the left and right sides of the heart do?

A
67
Q

What does Plasma store/carry?

A

Urea, Co2, hormones

68
Q

Phagocytes

A

Engulf and digest pathogens

69
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Make and release antibodies, which bind to and destroy pathogens

70
Q

Structure of an Artery

A

Thick outer wall
Thick muscular wal
Small Lumen

71
Q

Structure of a vein

A

Thin layers of muscle
Large Lumen
Thin outer wall

72
Q

Structure of a capillary

A

Small Lumen
1 cell thick outer wall

73
Q

Word and balanced equation for photoynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

74
Q

Use of glucose in plants

A

DNA, amino acids, chlorophyll

75
Q

Nitrates use in plants and deficiency

A

Needed to make amino acids, Stunted growth

76
Q

Magnesium use in plants and deficiency

A

To make chlorophyll, yellow leaves

77
Q

Phosphate use in plants and deficiency

A

Nucleaic acids, Purple leaves

78
Q

Bile uses

A
  1. Neautralises stomach acids
  2. Emulsifies lipids
79
Q

Test for starch plants

A
  1. Heat in boiling water
  2. Place in warm water to soften
  3. Place in spotting tile and put iodine on
    (Imporive experiment by putting it in an inverted gas measuring cylinder)
80
Q

What happens when Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin

A

carboxyhaemoglobin

81
Q

Why does smoking create the smokers cough? What causes Bronchitis?

A

The chemicals in the tobacco destroy the cilia in the throat. This causes the build up of muscus that the body cannot exepl, creating the smokers cough. The build up of musucs in the bronchus and bronchioles creates Bronchitis.

82
Q

Cause of emphysima

A

Smoke reaches the alveoli, causing them to break down and fuse, causing irregular shapes. This decreases SA, reducing the amount of oxygen that can be diffused into the blood.

83
Q

How does saturated fat lead to blood flow restrictions?

A

Fatty deposits will build up in the artery walls. The fatty deposits narrow the lumen of the artery. This is a particular problem in the narrow coronary arteries as it restricts blood flow to the heart muscles cells.

84
Q

How can resticted blood flow lead to heart attacks?

A

The fatty deposits cause the heart muscle cells to receive less blood. This means that the heart muscle cells receive less oxygen (and glucose) for aerobic
respiration. As a result aerobic respiration reduces and anaerobic respiration increases in the heart muscle cells. Lactic acid will build up due to the increase in anaerobic respiration, poisoning the heart muscle cells and causing heart attacks.

85
Q

Animals- Cell wall and carbohydrate storage

A

No cell wall
Glycogen storage

86
Q

Plants- Cell wall and carbohydrate storage

A

Carbs stored as starch or sucrose
Cellulose cell wall

87
Q

Fungi- Cell wall and carbohydrate storage and structure

A

Store Carbs as Glycogen
Chitin cell wall
consist of threads
of cells called hyphae. Whole structure
is called a mycelium

88
Q

Defining features of bacteria

A

Flagellum
Plasmids
No nucleaus- single chromosome
Cell wall and membrane

89
Q

Pathogen example

A

Plasmodium- malaria

90
Q

Fungi example

A

Mucor

91
Q

Protoctist example

A

Amoeba

92
Q

How does plasma stop bleeding

A

If the platelets are exposed to oxygen plasma protein fibrinogen changed into insoluble protein fibrin.
The fibrin forms a network of fibres across the
cut, which trap platelets and red blood cells.
This forms a clot, or scab, which prevents further loss of blood.
It also acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of
pathogens.

93
Q

Carbon dioxide/heat production from pea test

A

2 sets of peas in thermos flasks
Both in milton solution to kill bacteria
1 set dead(as a control to compare), 1 live
Measure temp change in each
Gas deliver tube to bubble through limewater

94
Q
A

Biology Edexcel (7 decks)

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