3Q - Cellular Reproduction

Question 1

Heredity

Answer 1

• Passing of traits

Question 2

Variation

Answer 2

• Difference

Question 3

Genetics

Answer 3

• Study of heredity & variation
• how traits can be passed on to the next generation and how variation arises

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

• Contains the chromosome (condensed form of DNA)
• Parts: nuclear membrane/ envelope; nucleous

Question 5

Interphase

Answer 5

• G1, 5, G2
• Longest phase
• Preparatory stage

Question 6

M-Phase

Answer 6

• mitosis
• Cell Division

Question 7

G1 - Growth

Answer 7

• increase in the number of organelles mitchendrion, ritesiones
• Increase in the size of the cell
• S- DNA Synthesis
• Duplication of deoxyribanucleio acid (DNA)
• DNA replication

Question 8

G2- Growth & Pre

Answer 8

• Cell growth
• Double checking for error

Question 9

Mitosis

Answer 9

• Production of two

Question 10

Pyramid of Biomass

Answer 10

• Shows the total mass of all living organisms
• The amount of biomass decreases as you go up a trophic level

Question 11

Characteristics of ecologcial pyramids

Answer 11

• Energy flows from the bottom to the top
• Autotrophs transmit the highest amount of energy
• Lower trophic level energy is larger than higher trophic level energy

Question 12

Water cycle - The Biogeochemical Cycles

Answer 12

• Driving force: Sun’s energy
• Process involved
  1. Evaporation
  2. Condensation
  3. Precipitation

Question 13

Carbon Cycle (Carbon - Oxygen)

Answer 13

1. CO2 is released by plants & animals
2. CO2 is released by plants
3. O2 is released by plants
4. O2 is used by plants & animals

Question 14

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 14

1. Nitrogen fixation
2. Ammonification
   3 Nitrification
3. Dentification

Question 15

1. Nitrogen fixation

Answer 15

• Nitrogen moves from the atmosphere into the soil (lighting, bacteria, fertilizer)

Question 16

2. Ammonification

Answer 16

• Nitrogen in decaying bodies of plants & animals

Question 17

3. Nitrification

Answer 17

• Ammonia of ammonium ions are oxidized first to nitrites and then to nitrates

Question 18

4. Denitification

Answer 18

• Nitrates are reduced

Question 19

Producers

Answer 19

• Transform energy from the sun into food
• Producers: Photosynthesis
• Autotrophs
• Plants, algae, some bacteria

Question 20

Consumers

Answer 20

• Depend on other organisms for their energy requirement
• Hetetrophs

Question 21

Decomposers

Answer 21

• Break down dead matter into simpler substances
• Play an important role in nutrient cycling

Question 22

Energy flow

Answer 22

• One way flow
• Sun -> Producer -> Consumers
• Illustrated in a food chain, food web

Question 23

Ecological Pyramids

Answer 23

• Show the link between living organisms at different trophic levels across a food chain
• Pyramid of numbers, pyramid of energy

Question 24

Pyramid of energy

Answer 24

• Shows the amount of energy in each group of organisms
• Trophic level increases
• Energy becomes less

Question 25

Chart

Answer 25

• 0.0% apex predators
• 0.1% third-level consumers
• 1% secondary consumers
• 10% primary producers
• 100% primary producers

Question 26

Water pollution

Answer 26

• Decreases the quality of fresh water

Question 27

Deforestation

Answer 27

• less evaporation, less precipitation
• increases CO2 concentration

Question 28

Burning of fossil fuels

Answer 28

• Increases earth’s temperature
• Speeds up phase change
• Increases the concentration of green house gases

Question 29

FORGOTTEN TOPICS AND TERMS

Question 30

Cri Du Chat sundrome (Cat’s cry)

Answer 30

• A part of chromosome 5 is lost
• When a face is round, moonlike, cries feebly, mentally delayed

Question 31

Meiosis

Answer 31

• Purpose: produce gametes or sex cells (egg & sperm cells)
• Sex cells have a haploid number (n) of chromosomes
• Process
  
  • Two cell division
• Product
  
  • Four gametes (sex cells) with half the chromosomes number of the parent cell

Question 32

Prophase 1

Answer 32

• Nuclear membrane & nucleus disappear
• Spindle fibers appears
• Chromosomes coil/ condenses
• Unique events
  
  • Synopsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes
  • Crossing over: exchange of genetic info between homologous

Question 33

Metaphase 1

Answer 33

• Homologous chromosomes align at the center of the cell

Question 34

Anaphase 4

Answer 34

• Chromosomes of each homologous pair move towards the opposite poles

Question 35

Telophase 1 & Cytokinesis

Answer 35

• Nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappear
• Spindle fiber disappears
• Chromosomes uncoil

Question 36

Meiosis 2

Answer 36

• Same process of mitosis
• Product: daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes

Question 37

GAMETOGENESIS

Question 38

Male

Answer 38

• Matures into a primary spermatocyte
• Undergoes meiosis 1 & 2
• Product: 4 Spermatids
• Spermatids mature into sperm cells

Question 39

Female

Answer 39

• Oogonium matures into primary oocyte
• Product: One ovum or egg cell & their polar bodies

Question 40

Down syndrome

Answer 40

• Trisomy 21
• Chromosomes in fair fail to separate from each other during anaphase 2
• The individual will have 47 chromosomes in his or her cells
• Extra chromosome 21 will lead to imbalance of genetic material in the cell