3B Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

sexual reproduction (3)

A
  • the production of a new individual resulting from the joining (fusion) of two specialized cells known as gametes.
  • produces individuals that are not genetically the same as either of their parents, but contain genetic information from both
  • occurs when two haploid nuclei fuse to form a new diploid cell called a zygote
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2
Q

what is the great advantage of sexual reproduction? (2)

A
  • increases genetic variation because gametes from two different individuals are fused together
  • in a changing environment, this gives a greater chance that one or more of the offspring will have a combination of genes that improves their chance of surviving and reproducing
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3
Q

diploid (2n)

A

a cell with a nucleus containing two full sets of chromosomes

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4
Q

haploid (n)

A

a cell with a nucleus containing one complete set of chromosomes

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5
Q

zygote

A

the cell formed when two haploid gametes fuse at fertilization

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6
Q

male types of tissue and whether they are diploid or haploid (3)

A

body tissue = diploid
testis tissue = diploid
sperm in testis = haploid

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7
Q

female types of tissue and whether they are diploid or haploid (4)

A

body cells = diploid
ovary tissue = diploid
ovum in ovary = haploid
zygote tissue = diploid

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8
Q

gonads

A

the sex organs in animals

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9
Q

ovaries (2)

A
  • the female sex organ in both animals and plants

- they produce the female gametes called ovules in plants and ova in animals

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10
Q

anthers

A

male sex organs in plants that produce the male gametes contained in the pollen

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11
Q

ovules (2)

A
  • the haploid female gametes in plants

- made in the ovaries

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12
Q

pollen

A

the spore which contains the haploid male gametes of plants

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13
Q

testes

A

the male sex organs in animals that produce the male gametes (sperm or spermatoza)

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14
Q

ova

A

the haploid female gametes in animals (singular=ovum)

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15
Q

sperm/spermatoza (2)

A
  • the haploid male gametes in animals

- usually much smaller than the female gametes, but produced in larger quantities

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16
Q

why must meiosis occur? (2)

A
  • when the gametes are being formed, the chromosome number needs to be halved to give the necassary haploid nuclei
  • occurs only in the sex organs
17
Q

difference between meiosis in animals and flowering plants (2)

A
  • in animals, the gametes are formed directly from meiosis
  • , while in flowering plants meiosis forms special male cells called microspores and female cells called megaspores, which develop into gametes
18
Q

meiosis (2)

A
  • two nuclear divisions produce four haploid daughter cells, each with its own unique combination of genetic material
  • similar to mitosis, the contents of the cell are replicated in interphase, before it enters meiosis
19
Q

Prophase 1 (3)

A
  • each chromosome appears in condensed form with two chromatids
  • homologous pairs of chromosomes associate with eachother
  • crossing over occurs
20
Q

Metaphase 1 (2)

A
  • spindle forms

- the pairs of chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

21
Q

Anaphase 1 (3)

A
  • the centromeres do not divide
  • one chromosome (pair of chromatids) from each homologous pair moves to each end of the cell
  • now the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved
22
Q

Telophase 1 (3)

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms
  • cells begin to divide
  • in some cells there may now be cytokinesis and maybe a period of interphase (but no further DNA replication)
23
Q

Prophase 2 (3)

A
  • new spindles are formed
  • chromosomes condense
  • difference to prophase 1= daughter cells only have one copy of homologous chromosomes
24
Q

Metaphase 2 (2)

A
  • chromosomes randomly line up on metaphase plate
25
Q

Anaphase 2 (2)

A
  • centromeres divide

- chromatids move to opposite ends of cell

26
Q

Telophase 2 (3)

A
  • nuclear envelopes reform
  • the chromosomes return to their interphase state
  • cytokinesis occurs, giving four daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the orginal diploid cell
27
Q

homologous pairs

A

matching pairs of chromosomes in an individual which both carry the same genes, although they may have different alleles

28
Q

difference between the two divisions (1 and 2) in meiosis (2)

A
  • in the first division, the homologous chromosomes (each consisting of two chromatids) separate
  • in the second division, the individual chromatids separate
29
Q

What are the main ways in which genetic variation is introduced to species? (3)

A
  • crossing over (recombination)
  • independant/random assortment
  • mutation
30
Q

crossing over (recombination) (3)

A
  • occurs in prophase 1
  • large multi-enzyme complexes ‘cut and join’ bits of the maternal and paternal chromatids together
  • the points where the chromatids break are called chiasmata
31
Q

Why is crossing over so important? (2)

A
  • this exchange of genetic material leads to added genetic variation
  • errors in the process lead to mutation, which is a further way of introducing new combinations into the genetic makeup of the species
32
Q

Independant/random assortment (3)

A
  • occurs during metaphase 1, when the chromatids line up on metaphase plate
  • the maternal and paternal chromosomes are distributed into the gametes at random
  • example= each gamete gets 23 chromosomes, any number from 0 to 23 can come from either the maternal or paternal chromosomes
33
Q

chiasmata

A

the points where the chromatids break during crossing over

34
Q

Explain how meiosis produces genetic variation in gametes (from exam) (3)

A
  • independant/random assortment and crossing over
  • independant assortment gives rise to new combinations of paternal and maternal chromosomes
  • crossing over involves swapping of sections of chromatids
35
Q

Why can offspring (for example twins) be genetically different, even thought hey are from the same father and mother? (3)

A
  • because each zygote is formed from different gametes, so through random fertilisation
  • each gamete contains different combinations of alleles
  • this is due to independant assortment or crossing over during meiosis
36
Q

mutation

A

a permanent damage in the DNA of an organism