3b - Mumbai Flashcards
What is Mumbai’s site?
Lies on a deep natural harbour, allowing it to develop into a major port under British rule, increasing maritime trade since its accessible to large container ships
A settlement on 7 islands on the coast of the Arabian Sea so spaces for city growth is highly constrained making land very expensive
Small fishing village surrounded by mangrove swamps
What is Mumbai’s situation?
Mumbai’s location on India’s west coast makes it closer to Europe via the Suez Canal than other Indian ports, which has encouraged TNC development
It is close to cotton farms in inland Maharashtra which has led to economic gain due to the 20th century growth of the textile industry
What is Mumbai’s national connectivity and context?
Mumbai is a Transport Hub with road and rail services meeting in Mumbai eg the Golden Quadrilateral highway connecting Mumbai to Delhi & Chennai
Britain built textile industries declined in late 20th century growth- replaced by banking, relocation of engineering, IT industries
2 stock exchanges - financial capital
What is Mumbai’s regional connectivity?
7.5m commuters into Mumbai every day
Sprawl of the city along suburban railway routes
70% of migrants are from Maharashtra state - RUM of millions during late 20th century
What is Mumbai’s global connectivity?
2nd busiest airport in India - Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
75% of India’s maritime trade is in Mumbai port
Bollywood produces 200 films yearly - being a fashion and media cultural capital city
What is Mumbai’s CBD like?
Found near the tip of the peninsula in the traditional Fort Area
Has financial services - banking, stock exchanges
Central transport node at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
High value housing
Traditional industry of factories and port nearby
What is India’s inner city like?
Densely packed with many traffic issues
Settlements of migrants in the 20th century - informal settlements
Factory/textile workers live here
Dharavi - 1m ppl, India’s largest slum developed on old rubbish dump close to CBD
What is Mumbai’s outer suburbs like?
Initially had low density but then new industries have to locate there
Developed post 1970s with the development of roads & railways
Suburbanisation occurs - people who can afford it choose to live further away for more space, better env
What is Mumbai’s rural-urban fringe like?
Sanjay Ghandi National Park to the North preventing sprawl
As the city grows it starts to join up with surrounding settlements and becomes a conurbation
Give some facts about Mumbai’s growth
12x growth over 100 years
3.4m increase
3/4 natural increase
1m increase in the suburbs - RUM, suburbanisation
High pop density of 20k ppl/km2
What are reasons for rural to urban migration in Mumbai?
Pull factors - job opportunities of highly skilled jobs and informal
Better educational (12 unis & literacy rate of 95%) and health care prospects
Cultural pull - Bollywood etc
Push factors - mechanisation of agriculture so less workers needed
Lack of investment making rural services unviable
Drought making primary industry tough with low wages
What are reasons for growth in Mumbai?
RUM in 20th century - 60% from Maharashtra
Natural increase - more babies being born in urban areas since new migrants to be of age where they have children (20s,30s)
What drives Mumbai’s economy?
In the 19th/early 20th century - secondary industry of textiles manufacturing.
Cotton from Maharashtra state, manufactured in Mumbai and exported
Today tertiary, quaternary and quinary
- HQs of Indian conglomerates eg Tata, Reliance
- TNCs like Citibank, HSBC, Standard Chartered
- 2 stock exchanges & Reserve bank of India providing base for financial services and banking
- millions in the informal sector of transport, services, recycling, manufacturing
What does the high density of Mumbai result in?
- extremely congest - pressure on housing so prices rises, pressure on services, trains very crowded
- suburbanisation to cheaper areas away from crowded inner city
- development of informal settlements
- informal employment
How was population growth changed the pattern of spatial growth?
Increasing pop caused Mumbai to expand in size from 68km2 to 370km2 and now to 603km2
New suburbs developing - Navi Mumbai built on mainland
Poor housing in which 60% live, dominates city’s landscape
What are opportunities for people living in
Mumbai?
- secondary sector employment of textiles and car production drove RUM before industrial slowdown in 1980s
- finance & IT jobs attract skilled migrants from India and internationally
- TNC investment creates jobs
- unskilled workers attracted through informal sector (worth $1bn to Mumbai’s GDP per year) jobs of manufacturing, transport and retail
- affordable in Dharavi - rent for small flats only 200 rupees a month
What are human challenges for people living in Mumbai caused by rapid population growth? (Slums, employment, housing, service provision)
Informal employment - unregulated, unregistered jobs make workers vulnerable to exploitation and low pay -> no tax means that gov cannot provide for pop and to pay for tax collectors/factory inspectors
Informal settlements - unplanned, unregulated & illegal housing has issues with sanitation, infrastructure, overcrowding, fire & eviction
Infrastructure - rapid urban growth puts pressure on existing transport, sanitation & power infrastructure
Inequality - 2 tier economy divided between highly paid service jobs and poorly paid informal jobs
Service provision - greater demand for health, education & housing which cannot be met - long wait time, poor quality development and reliance on NGOs
What are environmental challenges for people living in Mumbai caused by rapid population growth? (Water supply, waste disposal, air pollution, traffic)
Pollution - air pollution (from cars, industries, fire for cooking) and water pollution (from sewage and industrial waste)
Water supply - 60% of Mumbai’s pop use communal taps but supplies fail when power cuts stop pumps from working
In some low income suburbs, water only runs for half an hour a day.
Overuse of groundwater supplies leads to rationing and shortages
Waste disposal - factories use the Mithi River to dump untreated waste & the airport dumps untreated oil
800m litres of untreated sewage go into the river daily
Contamination from rapid urbanisation
Traffic - little gov spending on transport infrastructure & way too many suburban train and bus networks to meet demands
Mumbai’s funnel shape restricts transports routes
3500 die on Mumbai’s railway each year
What are barriers to development in Mumbai?
Low tax income - high proportion of informal sector not paying taxes so gov spending on services, planning is lower and on tax collectors (shortage of them)
Political - democratic bureaucracy in India means decision making and implementation is slow
Rent control - caps on rents means landlords not willing to improve living conditions as they won’t gain from the improvements
Corruption - money marked for development projects given to property developers
Land competition - high value land near CBD wanted by developers but home to millions
What is the pattern of residential areas with extreme wealth and slum/squatter settlements?
Dharavi - slum area of Mumbai
Andheri - popular suburb for middle class people & its railway station is one of the busiest in the world
Middle class people commute to work in the city from suburb locations causing economic problems since cars & moped cause congestion leading to pollution
Squatter settlements often develop close to the CBD as poor people can’t afford to travel far to work - causes political difficulties for city managers as the settlements are on valuable land
Describe a development strategy to improve the quality of life in Mumbai
Dharavi located on land worth $10bn close to a new business district - Bandra-Kurla Complex
City gov keen to sell cleared land to developers, on the understanding that free housing is provided for slum residents who can prove they’ve lived in Dharavi since 2000 - top down strat
Through this:
1.1m new affordable housing units will be built as tower blocks (leaving space for higher value apartments)
Water supplies and sanitation services provided for all residents
Ed & health care services will be built into new developments as well as shopping malls, restaurants and leisure services
Dharavi residents were strongly opposed since they were concerned it would not be possible for small businesses and micro-industries to continue in tower blocks & concern of social problems
A group of Mumbai urban designers suggested a different approach giving residents ownership rights to land on which Dharavi was built, then finding ways to improve living conditions in each neighbourhood
Describe a development strategy to improve Mumbai’s transport
In 2005, Mumbai city gov decided a monorail would be a good solution to transport issues in areas where buses are the only form of public transport - these buses travel slowly on congested roads
Advantages: monorail takes passengers off the road so its constructed over built-up areas without having to clear existing roads and buildings first, travels quickly 40mph, can go up/down gradients
By 2008, city gov formed a Public-Private Partnership with foreign engineering companies who provided experties
Construction began in 2009 with a deadline of 2011 for the first 9km. Not achieved since first section opened in 2014 - cost of £300m
Although tickets cheap at 11 rupees a person, low passenger numbers since the route goes through industrial sectors rather than into the old city
Only around 15,000ppl take the trip each day - mostly tourists
Describe a development strategy to improve Mumbai’s waste disposal and air quality
The Gorai Garbage Site Closure Project - top down
From 1972 - 2007, 1200 tonnes of Mumbai’s solid waste deposited at Gorai landfill site daily
This 20 hectare site is in the north if the peninsula, close to residential areas & by 2007 the waste there was 27m deep and emitting unpleasant smelling methane (GHG) and toxic run-off into a nearby creek
In 2007, Mumbai’s supreme court ordered that the site be improved for nearby residents and within 2yrs gov put tog a plan and implemented
The waste was reshaped into a gentle hill, covered in layers of lining material to prevent leaching, and planted with grasses to create a 19ha park
Methane capture tech installed to use methane gas created by decomposing waste to generate power
In 2014, scheme awarded a prize for sustainable urban development in recognition of significant improvements made to local residents
Property prices in Gorai increased as the area has fresh air and a popular park beside it
Describe a development strategy to improve Mumbai’s education services?
Hamara Foundation - bottom up strat
There were abt 200,000 street children in Mumbai who dropped out of school & are often forced by police to move from any shelters made because some street children steal and take drugs
Hamara Foundation provides social-work services for street children helping them improve their health, ed and job skills
During 2013-2014, supported 327 kids go to school
Also provided vocational training for 16-18yr olds in computing, motor mechanics and hospitality
