3a - Urbanisation Flashcards
Define urbanisation and state any trends
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas
Developing countries have very rapid urbanisation (smaller proportion still) since they have large rural populations whereas developed countries have slower urbanisation since they are already highly urbanised
By 2050, majority of people in every global region are predicted to live in urban areas
Define megacity, world city, urban primacy and hinterland
Megacity - a city with at least 10 million inhabitants
World city - a city with a dominant role in global processes
Urban primacy - when one city dominates the country it is in politically, economically and demographically
Hinterland - the region around a city
How does urban primacy influence a country economically and politically?
Investment - businesses often locate there attracting investment and services
Migration - there are lots of jobs so people move there to find work
Transport - international ports and airports are often located there, attracting further investment and migration
Its hinterland is deprived of economic growth as all the economic growth is concentrated in the city
Governments and hqs of large businesses often located there meaning that decisions about development are focused on the city rather than the rest of the country - more political influence
Define rural-urban migration, international migration, national migration and natural increase
RUM - when people change where they live from rural areas to urban areas
International migration - when people move to live in a city in another country
National migration - when people move to a city in that same country
Natural increase - the difference between the number of births and deaths in a year
What is migration to a city affected by and give examples?
Push factors (encourage ppl to leave) - eg low wages, shortage of jobs, poor living standards, war, natural disasters, poor env
Pull factors (encourage ppl to move) - eg more employment, higher wages, good qol, better health, safer, cleaner env
What are the two ways a city grows and how are they connected?
Natural increase and migration
Young people usually migrate to live in cities and the birth rate for younger people is higher than the death rate of older people
How does economic change cause growth/decay in developing countries?
Growing cities
Rural areas are very poor and improvements in agriculture mean fewer farm workers are needed leading to national migration to cities for better jobs
Some cities have good transport links so trade is focused here and are attracting foreign companies and manufactory industry expanding
How does economic change cause growth/decay in emerging countries?
Some cities are growing
Some cities have become industrial centres with lots of manufacturing jobs and others have a rapidly expanding service sector
Ppl move to the cities to work in these new industries and services
As countries get wealthier they are investing in flagship projects to attract FDI
How does economic change cause growth/decay in developed countries?
Some cities have stable populations and others are declining
De-industrialisation has led to the decline of industrial areas so people have moved away to find jobs elsewhere
A lot of low-paid workers are attracted to more successful cities in the region
What are the two types of employment?
Formal employment is officially recognised - workers are protected by the laws of the country and there is job security. The workers also pay tax to the government
Informal employment is unofficial and unregulated . Jobs aren’t taxed or regulated by the government. People often work long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay.
What are the different economic sectors
Primary sector - involved collecting raw materials eg farming, fishing etc
Secondary sector - turning a product into another product/manufacturing eg making textiles, furniture, cars etc
Tertiary sector - involves providing services eg nursing, retail, transport
Quaternary sector - high tech IT
Quinary sector - highest level of decision making in society/economy
What are the urban economies like in developing countries?
Many workers are employed in the informal sector
Lots of ppl in low-skilled tertiary sector eg market stalls, few in secondary as there’s not enough money to invest in tech needed, small % in high skilled tertiary
Poor maybe dangerous working conditions, low pay, long hours
What are the urban economies like in emerging countries?
Some workers in the informal sector
Employment in secondary sector is high, lots of low skilled tertiary jobs, some higher-skilled tertiary jobs
Conditions improve and worker’s rights increase
What are the urban economies like in developed countries?
Few workers in informal sector
Fewer ppl in secondary than emerging, most ppl in tertiary sector as there’s a skilled, educated workforce and high demand for services eg banks, shops, some employment in quaternary due to skilled labour and money to invest in tech needed
Good working conditions, high pay, workers have many rights protected by law
Define suburbanisation, de-industrialisation, counter urbanisation and regeneration
Suburbanisation is the movement of people from the middle of the city to its outer areas
De-industrialisation is when manufacturing moves out of an area
Counter urbanisation is the movement of people out of urban cities into the countryside and rural areas (often in developed countries)
Regeneration is where there is new investment into old, run-down parts of the city
Why does suburbanisation, de-industrialisation, counter urbanisation and regeneration occur?
Suburbanisation - urban areas extend rapidly (sprawl) and suburban areas offer more green spaces and are less polluted, overcrowded & more family friendly. Due to improvements in transports commuting is viable
De-industrialisation - industry moves to rural areas where rent is cheaper and overseas where costs are lower, synonymous with globalisation
Counter urbanisation - ppl looking for higher QOL and lower house prices, increased car ownership and transport allows for commuting & improved communication services makes it easier to work from home, safer
Regeneration - to attract ppl & businesses to the city centre & so private companies invest in new developments, ppl want to live in areas with good entertainment services
What are different urban land uses?
Commercial - eg office buildings, shopping centres, hotels
Industrial - eg factories, warehouses
Residential - eg houses, flats, appartments
What are different zones within a city?
Central business district - has commercial and public buildings
Inner city - mainly residential (low-class housing) and older industry
Suburbs - mainly residential (medium class)
Rural-urban fringe - mix of commercial business parks and residential (high class), more green spaces
What factors influence land use?
Accessibility - services need to be close to people, city centres are very accessible via transport
Availability - in city centre all land is in use and demand is high, more spaces on edges of city where larger buildings can be built, results in tall buildings saving space
Cost - city centre has highest land prices and the cost of land falls towards the edge, houses increase in size from the inner city to the suburbs & commercial businesses who can afford city centre found there
Planning regulations - government and authorities try to control how cities develop by deciding what types of buildings can be built in different parts of the city, often there are strict planning regulations eg polluting industries banned, some cities have limits on development in rural-urban fringe to prevent urban sprawl. To do with environmental concerns, infrastructure & traffic
