3B - More Exchange and Transport Systems Flashcards
Give two examples of large biological molecules and the smaller biological molecules they can be broken down into
starch, proteins
glucose, amino acids
Large biological molecules in food are too big to cross cell membranes. What does this mean they can’t do?
This means they can’t be absorbed from the gut into the blood.
What happens during digestion to large biological molecules in food?
They are broken down into smaller molecules which can then be easily absorbed from the gut into the blood, to be transported around the body for use by the body cells.
Name the process that breaks down large biological molecules (in food) into smaller biological molecules
Hydrolysis
During hydrolysis, what are fats broken down into?
fatty acids and monoglycerides
During hydrolysis, what are proteins broken down into?
Amino acids
During hydrolysis, what are carbohydrates broken down into?
disaccharides and monosaccharides
What produces digestive enzymes?
Specialised cells in the digestive systems of mammals.
What happens after digestive enzymes are produced?
They are released into the gut to mix with food.
Enzymes only work with specific substrates. What does this mean for digestive enzymes?
Different digestive enzymes are needed to catalyse the breakdown of different food molecules.
What is amylase? What is its role?
A digestive enzyme that catalyses the conversion of starch (a polysaccharide) into the smaller sugar maltose (a disaccharide).
(this involved the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds in starch).
Where is amylase produced?
By the salivary glands (which release amylase into the mouth) and also by the pancreas, (which releases amylase into the small intestine).
What are membrane-bound disaccharidases?
where are they found?
Enzymes that are attached to the cell membranes of epithelial cells lining the ileum.
What do membrane-bound disaccharidases do?
They help to breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides. This involves the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds.
How are monosaccharides transported across the cell membranes of the ileum epithelial cells?
via specific transporter proteins
What do lipase enzymes do?
Lipase enzymes catalyse the breakdown of lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids. This involves the hydrolysis of the ester bonds in lipids.
Where are lipases made?
In the pancreas.
Where do lipase enzymes work?
In the small intestine.
What is a monoglyceride?
A glycerol molecule with one fatty acid attached
Where are bile salts produced?
The liver
What do bile salts do?
They emulsify lipids, this means that they cause the lipids to form small droplets.
Why are bile salts important in the process of digestion?
Several small lipid droplets have a larger surface area than a single large droplet. So the formation of small droplets greatly increases the surface area of the lipid that’s available for lipases to work on.
What happens once a lipid has been broken down?
Monoglycerides and fatty acids stick with the bile salts to form tiny structures called micelles.
Draw a diagram showing how one large lipid droplet can become monoglycerides, fatty acids and micelles.
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W hat is then enzyme called that breaks down protein?
Protease (or peptidase)
Name two types of enzymes that break down protein into amino acids. (by hydrolysing the peptide bonds between amino acids)
Endopeptidases and Exopeptidases
Describe the role of Endopeptidases
-they act to hydrolyse peptide bonds within a protein
enDopeptidase, break bonds insiDe the protein
Give two examples of endopeptidases.
Where are they synthesised and secreted?
Trypsin
Chromotrypsin
They are synthesised in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine
What is the ileum?
The final part of the small intestine