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Biology > 3a) Life Processes > Flashcards

3a) Life Processes Flashcards

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0
Q

What type of molecules can’t get through the membrane and what can?

A

Small molecules can - water

Big molecules can’t - sucrose

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1
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to low water concentration

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2
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness?

A

Thin - short distance diffuse across
Large surface area - quicker diffusion
Lots of blood vessels - quick exchange for blood

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3
Q

What are stomata?

A

Holes in the structure of leaves which allow oxygen and water vapour to diffuse out and carbon dioxide to diffuse in

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4
Q

What is the size of the stomata controlled by?

A

Guard cells

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5
Q

What is the thorax?

A

Upper part of your body (separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm)

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6
Q

What is the adomen?

A

Lower part of your body (separated from the thorax by the diaphragm)

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7
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Windpipe

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8
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Food pipe

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9
Q

What are bronchi?

A

Two tubes that the trachea splits up into (each one called a bronchus)

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10
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Smaller tubes that the bronchi split up into

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11
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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12
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A 
Intercostal musicales contract
Diaphragm contracts
Thorax volume increases
Pressure is decreased
Air is drawn in
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13
Q

What happens when you breathe out?

A 
Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Thorax volume decreases
Pressure is increased
Air is forced out
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14
Q

How is the leaf adapted for gas diffusion?

A

Flattened shape - increased surface area
Walls of cells have air spaces
Covered in stomata

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15
Q

How are alveoli adapted to maximise gas diffusion?

A

Enormous surface area
Moist lining
Very thin walls
Good blood supply

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16
Q

What are villi?

A

Millions of tiny little projections that cover the small intestine that help absorb digested food

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17
Q

How are villi adapted for diffusion and active transport?

A

Single layer of cells on surface - thinner

Very good blood supply - quicker absorption

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18
Q

What is active transport?

A

When substances are absorbed Against a concentration gradient

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19
Q

How are root hairs adapted for active transport?

A

Root hair cells have long hairs on surface of roots - bigger surface area

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20
Q

Why do humans need active transport?

A

Allows nutrients to be taken in from the blood against a concentration gradient
Low in gut - high in blood

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21
Q

What 2 types of vessels to plants have for transport?

A

Phloem tubes

Xylem tubes

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22
Q

Describe Phloem tubes

A 
Transport food substances (dissolved sugars)
To storage organs and growing regions
In both directions
Made of columns of living cells
Small holes at ends
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23
Q

Describe Xylem tubes

A 
Take water up - only one direction
Made of dead cells joined together
No end walls between cells
Hole down middle
Carry water and minerals from roots
To stems and leaves
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24
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Loss of water from a plant

Caused by evaporation and diffusion from inside leaves

Water lost through stomata

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25
Q

Why is the transpiration system constant?

A 
Water lost through stomata
Water shortage
More water drawn up from xylem vessels to replace it
More water drawn form roots
Water lost from stomata again
26
Q

What does the double circulatory system transport?

A

Food and oxygen to all cells

Waste materials

27
Q

Explain how the double circulatory system works?

A

Deoxygenated blood into right atrium of heart
Pumped out of right ventricle to lungs for oxygen
Becomes oxygenated and travels back into left atrium
Pumped out of left ventricle
Once oxygen used, cycle repeats as blood is deoxygenated again

28
Q

What is the heart and what does it do?

A

Pumping organ that keeps the blood flowing around the body

29
Q

What is the function of valves in the heart?

A

Push blood in right direction (upwards)

Prevent flowing backwards

30
Q

Explain how the heart uses it’s four chambers

A

Blood flows into right and left atrium from vena cava and pulmonary vein
Atria contract pushing blood into the right and left ventricles
Ventricles contact pushing blood into pulmonary artery and aorta
Valves make sure blood flows up
Blood exits heart into arteries

31
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries - blood away from heart
Capillaries - exchange if materials at tissues
Veins - blood back into heart

32
Q

Describe how arteries are adapted for their function

A

Strong, elastic walls - high pressure
Thick walls compared to lumen
Thick layers of muscle - strong
Elastic fibres - stretchy and springy

33
Q

Describe how capillaries are adapted for their function

A

Permeable walls - diffusion
Usually walls only one cell thick - short diffusion distance
Carry blood really close to cells - substances can be exchanged

34
Q

Describe how veins are adapted for their function

A

Thinner walls - low pressure
Bigger lumen - helps blood flow despite low pressure
Valves - keep blood flowing in right direction

35
Q

What is blood?

A

Tissue

Acts as a huge transport system

36
Q

What 4 main things does the blood have?

A

Red blood cells - carry oxygen
White blood cells - defends against diseases
Platelets - help blood clot at wound
Plasma - carries substances

37
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A

Concave doughnut shape - large surface area - absorb oxygen
No nucleus - more rooms for oxygen
Red pigment called haemoglobin

38
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their function?

A

Can change shape - engulf unwanted microorganisms
Produce antibodies - fight pathogens
Produce antitoxins - neutralise or counteract toxins
Nucleus

39
Q

What are platelets designed to do?

A 
Small fragments of dead cells
Help blood clot at wound
Stops microorganisms getting in
Stops blood pouring out 
Have a nucleus
40
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When arteries get blocked by fatty deposits

arteries become narrow and blood flow is restricted

41
Q

What are stents and what do they do?

A

Tubes inserted inside arteries

Ensure arteries stay open by squashing the fatty deposit and blood can pass through

42
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A 
Not rejected - not living tissue so 
body doesn't respond same way
Parts can be replaced
Bleeding, blood clots and infection
Don't work as well as natural ones
Parts of the heart could wear out
Electric motor could fail
Needs drugs to thin blood
43
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment or unchanging balance

44
Q

What things does homeostasis need to control?

A 
At right level:
- Temperature
- Water content
- Ion content
- Blood sugar level
To be removed:
- Carbon dioxide
- Urea
45
Q

Why does body temperature need to be maintained?

A

Enzymes work best at the optimum temperature - 37 degrees Celsius in humans

46
Q

How does your body respond when your too hot?

A

Hair erector muscle relaxes - hairs lie flat on skin
Sweat gland produce sweat - evaporates removing heat
Vasodilation - blood flow close to skin surface increases - easier for heat to transfer to environment

47
Q

How does your body respond when your too cold?

A

Hairs erect - hairs stand up and trap insulating layer of heat on skin
No sweat produced
Vasoconstriction - blood flow constricts to close off skins blood supply - harder for heat to transfer
Shiver - muscles contract which needs respiration, releasing energy to warm up body

48
Q

What 3 things do the kidneys do?

A

Remove urea - filtered out of blood
Adjust ion content - excess ions removed from blood
Adjust water content - excreted by kidneys in urine

49
Q

What is urea?

A

Waste product produced from the reaction to convert any excess amino acids into fats and carbohydrates

50
Q

What can sports drinks replace?

A

Water and ions lost in sweat

Sugar used up by muscles during exercise

51
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Filtration units in the kidneys

52
Q

Explain the process of ultrafiltration

A

High pressure squeezes out water, urea, ions and sugar out of blood
Membranes between Normans capsule and blood vessels act like filters so big molecules like proteins remain in the blood

53
Q

Explain the process of reabsorption

A

Useful substances re absorbed back into blood along nephron
All sugar re absorbed through active transport
Sufficient ions reabsorbed trough active transport, excess ions aren’t
Sufficient water reabsorbed

54
Q

What happens as remaining substances continue our of the nephron?

A

Continue to ureter as urine
Stored in bladder temporarily
Excreted out of the body

55
Q

What are the two main treatments of kidney failure?

A

Dialysis - machine filters blood to maintain concentration of substances

Transplant

56
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dialysis?

A

Only waste substances and excess ions can diffuse across barrier
Session 3 times a week, 3-4 hours
May cause blood clots or infections

57
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Kidney transplant?

A

Could be rejected by immune system
Only cure for kidney failure
Need donor with similar tissue type
Drug treatment to suppress immune system

58
Q

What two hormones does the pancreas use to control blood sugar level?

A

Insulin - when level is too high

Glucagon - when level is too low

59
Q

What does insulin do to reduce blood sugar levels?

A

Converts glucose into glycogen stored in liver

Reduces amount of glucose in blood

60
Q

What does glucagon do to reduce blood sugar levels?

A

Converts glycogen stored in liver back into glucose

Increased amount of glucose in blood

61
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Condition where pancreas produced little or no insulin

No control when blood sugar level too high

62
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be avoided?

A

Avoiding foods rich in carbohydrates
Exercising
Injecting insulin at mealtimes
Pancreas transplant

Biology (6 decks)

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