Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 1a) Human Biology > Flashcards

1a) Human Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is your metabolic rate?

A

The speed at which chemical reactions occur in the human body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Explain why the body needs each food group.

A

Carbohydrates - release energy
Fats - keep warm, release energy
Protein - growth, cell repair and cell replacement
Fibre - smooth digestive system
Vitamins/mineral ions - skin, bones blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define malnourishment

A

Someone who’s diet is badly unbalanced ( they can be fat or thin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define obesity

A

Health problem of bring 20% or more over maximum recommended body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of the joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Health problem with the inability to control blood sugar level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the result of having too much saturated fat in your diet?

A

Increase your blood cholesterol level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some of the effects of malnutrition?

A

Slow growth (in children)
Fatigue
Poor resistance to infection
Irregular periods in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is scurvy?

A

A deficiency disease of vitamin C that causes problems with skin, joints and gums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How dies exercise affect the body?

A

Increases amount of energy used by body
Decreases amount of energy stored as fat
Builds muscle to boost your metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 3 things does your health depend on?

A

Unbalanced diet
Exercise
Inherited factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define a pathogen

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause infectious diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the two main types of pathogen and describe them

A

Bacteria - small living cells, reproduce rapidly, damage your cells and produce toxins
Viruses - not cells, smaller than bacterium, replicate themselves by invading cells, cell damage makes you feel ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 3 ways your white blood cells attack invading microbes

A

Engulf foreign cells and digest them
Produce antibodies (proteins) to lock onto and kill invading cells
Producing antitoxins to counteract toxins produced by bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Small amount of dead or inactive microorganism injected into a body
Carry antigens which stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies to attack them
If live microorganisms reappear, white blood cells can rapidly mass-produce antibodies to kill pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does MMR stand for?

A

Measles, Mumps, Rubella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination?

A

Pros:
Control infectious diseases - smallpox no longer occurs
Epidemics prevented
Cons:
Don’t always work
Can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics?

A

Painkillers - relieve pain, reduce the symptoms (Don’t tackle disease)
Antibiotics - kill or prevent growth of bacteria (but not viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why DON’T antibiotics destroy viruses?

A

Viruses aren’t living cells
They reproduce using host cells
It is hard to kill just the virus and not your own body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 3 things to remember when growing microorganisms in a Petri dish

A

Equipment must be sterilised (e.g. passing an inoculation loop through a flame) to prevent unwanted microorganisms to affect the result
Petri dish must have a lid taped on to stop microorganisms in the air contaminating the culture
At school temp if culture should be kept at 25 degrees Celsius so harmful pathogens won’t grow

20
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in your environment

21
Q

Name the 5 sense organs and their receptors

A

Eyes - light receptors
Ears - sound receptors, balance receptors
Nose - smell receptors
Tongue - taste receptors
Skin - sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temp change

22
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Groups of cells sensitive to a stimulus

They change stimulus energy into electrical impulses

23
Q

Describe the role of the central nervous system

A

Where info from sense organs is sent through neurones (nerve cells) and reflexes and actions are coordinated
Made of brain and spinal cord

24
Q

What is an effector?

A

Muscles and glands which respond to a nervous impulse

25
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones ( nerve cells)

26
Q

How does information transfer across a synapse?

A

The nerve signal is transferred by chemical which diffuse across the gap
These chemicals set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

27
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to a certain stimuli

28
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information in a reflex

29
Q

Describe what happens in a reflex arc

A 
Stimulus is detected
Receptors send nerve signals along Sensory neurone to
Relay neurone to
Motor neurone to
Effector which brings about the
Response
30
Q

How is information transferred around the body?

A 
Through neurones ( nerve cells) as electrical impulses
Through hormones (chemicals) in blood secreted by glands
31
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers secreted by glands carried in the blood plasma to activate target cells

32
Q

What are the differences between hormones and nerves?

A

Nerves: fast reaction, act for a short time, act on a very precise area
Hormones: slower reaction, act for a long time, act in a more general way

33
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries

Build up and break down of lining in the uterus (womb)

34
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle

A

D - lining breaks DOWN on day 1
U - lining builds UP on day 4
R - egg is RELEASED on day 14
M - lining is MAINTAINED on day 28

Cycle repeats

35
Q

What are the 3 main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle and where are they produced?

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): produced by pituitary gland
Oestrogen: produced in ovaries
LH (Luteinising Hormone): produced by pituitary gland

(progesterone: produced by ovaries)

36
Q

What does each hormone invoked in the menstrual cycle do

A

FSH: causes egg to mature in ovaries, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
Oestrogen:causes pituitary produce LH, inhibits further release of FSH
LH: stimulates release of egg around middle of cycle

37
Q

How can hormones be used to reduce fertility?

A

Oestrogen - prevent release of egg by inhibiting production of FSH
Progesterone - stimulates production of thick cervical mucus which prevents any sperm reaching an egg

38
Q

What is the pill?

A

Oral contraceptive with high levels of progesterone and oestrogen ( known as combined oral contraceptive pill)

39
Q

What are the pros and cons of the pill?

A

Pros: over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy, reduces risk of getting some types of cancer

Cons: not 100% effective, side effects, doesn’t protect against STDs

40
Q

Why would a woman with low levels of FSH find problems with getting pregnant?

A

Little FSH to cause eggs to mature

No eggs released and woman can’t get pregnant

41
Q

How can the hormones FSH and LH increase fertility?

A

Hormones injected into woman
Stimulates egg release in ovaries
More chance if pregnancy

42
Q

What are the negatives of injecting FSH and LH to increase fertility?

A

Doesn’t always work - may need it multiple times which is expensive
Too many eggs could be stimulated causing unexpected multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets etc.)

43
Q

What is IVF?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation
Collect eggs and fertilise them in a lab using a man’s sperm
Grow them into embryos
Embryo transferred to uterus

44
Q

What are the pros and cons of IVF?

A

Pro:infertile couple can have a baby
Cons: could have strong reaction to hormones, reports of increased risk of cancer, multiple births

45
Q

What is an auxin?

A

A plant growth hormone that controls growth near the tips of roots and shoots
Responds to light (phototropism), gravity (geotropism) and moisture

46
Q

What happens if the tip of a shoot is removed?

A

No auxin is available

the shoot may stop growing

47
Q

How does auxin promote the growth of plants?

A

Auxin is produced in the tips
Moves backwards/builds up on one particular side
Stimulates cell elongation
Plant grows

48
Q

How can plant hormone be used in agriculture?

A

In selective weed killers

In rooting powder adding to soil - promotes plant cuttings to grow

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions