1a) Human Biology Flashcards
What is your metabolic rate?
The speed at which chemical reactions occur in the human body.
Explain why the body needs each food group.
Carbohydrates - release energy
Fats - keep warm, release energy
Protein - growth, cell repair and cell replacement
Fibre - smooth digestive system
Vitamins/mineral ions - skin, bones blood
Define malnourishment
Someone who’s diet is badly unbalanced ( they can be fat or thin)
Define obesity
Health problem of bring 20% or more over maximum recommended body mass
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of the joints
What is type 2 diabetes?
Health problem with the inability to control blood sugar level
What is the result of having too much saturated fat in your diet?
Increase your blood cholesterol level
What are some of the effects of malnutrition?
Slow growth (in children)
Fatigue
Poor resistance to infection
Irregular periods in women
What is scurvy?
A deficiency disease of vitamin C that causes problems with skin, joints and gums
How dies exercise affect the body?
Increases amount of energy used by body
Decreases amount of energy stored as fat
Builds muscle to boost your metabolic rate
What 3 things does your health depend on?
Unbalanced diet
Exercise
Inherited factors
Define a pathogen
Microorganisms that enter the body and cause infectious diseases
Name the two main types of pathogen and describe them
Bacteria - small living cells, reproduce rapidly, damage your cells and produce toxins
Viruses - not cells, smaller than bacterium, replicate themselves by invading cells, cell damage makes you feel ill
Name 3 ways your white blood cells attack invading microbes
Engulf foreign cells and digest them
Produce antibodies (proteins) to lock onto and kill invading cells
Producing antitoxins to counteract toxins produced by bacteria
What is a vaccination?
Small amount of dead or inactive microorganism injected into a body
Carry antigens which stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies to attack them
If live microorganisms reappear, white blood cells can rapidly mass-produce antibodies to kill pathogen
What does MMR stand for?
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
What are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination?
Pros:
Control infectious diseases - smallpox no longer occurs
Epidemics prevented
Cons:
Don’t always work
Can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine
What is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics?
Painkillers - relieve pain, reduce the symptoms (Don’t tackle disease)
Antibiotics - kill or prevent growth of bacteria (but not viruses)
Why DON’T antibiotics destroy viruses?
Viruses aren’t living cells
They reproduce using host cells
It is hard to kill just the virus and not your own body cells
Name 3 things to remember when growing microorganisms in a Petri dish
Equipment must be sterilised (e.g. passing an inoculation loop through a flame) to prevent unwanted microorganisms to affect the result
Petri dish must have a lid taped on to stop microorganisms in the air contaminating the culture
At school temp if culture should be kept at 25 degrees Celsius so harmful pathogens won’t grow
What is a stimulus?
A change in your environment
Name the 5 sense organs and their receptors
Eyes - light receptors
Ears - sound receptors, balance receptors
Nose - smell receptors
Tongue - taste receptors
Skin - sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temp change
What is a receptor?
Groups of cells sensitive to a stimulus
They change stimulus energy into electrical impulses
Describe the role of the central nervous system
Where info from sense organs is sent through neurones (nerve cells) and reflexes and actions are coordinated
Made of brain and spinal cord
