3A. Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards
Acids means
Sour
Bases includes
Metallic oxides and Hydroxides
How are salts formed?
Replacement of hydrogen ions of corresponding acids of metallic ions.
Define an acid? (Simple)
- When dissolved in water -> hydronium ion (H3O+)
2. That should be the only + ve ions.
Define a base? (Simple)
- Reacts with hydronium ions of acid.
2. Gives Salt and Water only.
Classify the following as Alkalis or Insoluble bases:
- ZnO
- PbO
- NaOH
- Ca(OH)2
- NH4(OH)
- Fe(OH)2
- CuO
- Cu(OH)2
5, 4, 2 -> Alkali
1, 6, 3, 7 and 9 -> Insoluble bases
5 Basis for classificaton
- Source of acids
- Molecular comparison of acids
- Basis of strength
- Basis of concentration
- Basis of acidity and basicity
Source of acids ->
- Organic’
2. Inorganic -> Aka Mineral acids
Molecular comparison ->
- Hydraciods -> Shouldnt have Oxygen
2. Oxyacids
Strength of Acids depends on
Concentration of Hydronium Ions present in aqueaous solution.
Strenght of Alkali depends on
Concentration of Hydroxyl Ions present in an aqueous solution.
Strong acids:
So No class Brings In H2SO4 HNO3 HCl Hbr HI HClO3 HClO4
Which contains solute molecules in addition to water molecules?
Strong alkali
Define a strong acids
Disasosciates almost completely in aq solution -> High conc. of H+ ions.
Define a strong Base
Disasosciates almost completely in aq solution -> High conc. of OH- ions.
Strong acids and bases contains _______.
Almost only ions.
Weak acids and bases contains ________.
Contains molecules and Ions.
Define weak acids
Disasosciates partially in aq solution -> Low conc. of H+ ions.
Define weak alkali
Disasosciates partially in aq solution -> Low conc. of OH- ions.
Concentration:
Concentratedd and Dilute
Concentration of more than 1 mol/litre
Concentrated
Concentration of less than 1 mol/litre
Dilute
Define Dilute/Concentrated acid/alkali
Relatively Low/high % of acid/alkali in aq solution.
different from strength
Basicity -> It is a whole number value.
No of H ions -> Produced in aq solution/molecule.
No of OH- ions -> With which one molecule of acids can combine.
Acidity -> It is a whole number value
No of OH ions -> Produced in aq solution/Molecule
No of H ions -> With which one molecule of acids can combine.
Acetic acid has _____ hydrogen ions and ______ replacable hydrogen ions.
4 and 1
Bases always dissasciate in ______ step.
One.
No of steps involved in acids is
Equal to its basicity.
No of salts that can be formed by an acid is
Equal to its basicity and 1 salt is always neutral.
Name the compound:
- NaH2PO4
- Na2HPO4
- Monosodium dihydrogen phosphate.
2. Disodium hydrogen phosphate.
2 theories:
- Arrhenius theory
2. Lowry Brownsted theory
Arrhenius theory:
- Dissasciate in aq solution to give H+ Ions -> Same as simple def. but there it is H3O+
- Strong acids dissociate completely; Weak -> Dissociate partially.
Lowry Brownsted theory:
- Acids are PROTON Donors
2. Bases are PROTON acceptors.
Examples of Neutral oxides:
CO, NO and H2O
Which acids and bases are highly corrosive?
Mineral acids and Caustic aLKALIS
Define neutralization (ionic):
- H+ Ions of an acid reacts with OH- Ions of a base to give salt and water only.
- Acids are proton donors and Bases are proton acceptors.
Heat of Neutralization is
The amount of heat when 1 gram of acid or a base is neutralized.
Use of the following acids:
- Boric acid
- Citric acid
- Oxalic acid
- Carbonnic Acid
- Tartaric acid
- Hydrochloric acid
- Vinegar (acetic acid)
- Eye wash
- Food preservation
- Ink stain remover
- Flavoring drinks
- Baking powder
- Pickling of metals
- Cooking
Which acids are used in?
- Eye wash
- Food preservation
- Ink stain remover
- Flavoring drinks
- Baking powder
- Pickling of metals
- Cooking
- Boric acid
- Citric acid
- Oxalic acid
- Carbonnic Acid
- Tartaric acid
- Hydrochloric acid
- Vinegar (acetic acid)
Acid rain has a Ph
Less than 5.6
Acid rain is a mixture of
Suphuric, Sulphurous and Nitric, Nitrous
Disadvantages of acid rain?
- Depletes soil nutrients
- Increases acidity
- Reduce fertility
- Marine life damage
- Material damage
NO is formed in ______.
High temperatures.
- Combustion engines
- Lightning
H2O + NO2 ->
HNO2 + HNO3
To form only HNO3?
NO2 + H2O + O2
Indicators are
Weak organic compounds.
Indicators can be
Acids or Bases.
Indicators produce
Ions and Undissociated molecules.
Colors of ______ produced is dependent on hydrogen ion concentration of the Ph
Ions
Kw, Concentration of H and OH at 25 degree celcius
10^-14, 10^-7 and 10^-7.
pH definition:
Negative logarithm of the H+ concentration expressed in Moles/litre
Universal Indicator:
VIBGYOR with G as neutral
2 types of Indicators:
Common Acid-Base indicators and Universal Indicators
Examples of Common acid-base indicator ->
Litmus, Methyl Orange, Phenophthalein
Examples of Universal Indicators ->
pH paper or solution -> Organic dyes or mixed indicators.
Utilities -> Acid base indicators:
- Acid or base
- No Strength can be identified
- Cant differentiate the pH value of different solutions Change the ph at different levels abruptly.
Litmus indicator->
Coloring matter obtained from certain lichens
Litmus solution prep:
0.5 gm of litmus in 1 litre of distilled water and then filtering.
Neutral colors of the following is:
- Litmus
- Methyl orange
- Phenophalein
- Purple
- Orange
- Colorless
Acid colors of the following is:
- Litmus
- Methyl orange
- Phenophalein
- Red
- Pink
- Colorless
Alkaline colors of the following is:
- Litmus
- Methyl orange
- Phenophalein
- Blue
- Yellow
- Pink
Uses of Ph values and indiactors
- Agriculture
- Dairies
- Tech
- Medicine -> Diagnosis
Citrus fruits require _______ soil.
Rice requires _______ soil.
Sugarcane requires _____– soil.
Alkaline
Acidic
Neutral
When is a milk said to be sour?
When its ph is less than 6.6.
Define Salt:
- Formed by partial/complete replacement of the replacable hydrogen ion of an acid.
- Yields + Ion other than H and -ve IOn other than OH-
Acid salt ->
Partial replacement of H+(Replacable) by a basic radical (metallic or ammonium ion)
The ammount of base taken is insufficeint.
Which is taken insufficient in prep. of acid salt?
Amount of Base.
Normal Salt ->
Complete replacement of H+(Replacable) by a basic radical (metallic or ammonium ion)
The ammount of base taken is excess.
Basic Salt ->
Partial replacement of hydroxyl radicals of a diacidic or triacidic base with an acid radical.
Basic Copper Nitrate
Cu [OH] NO3
How is double salt formed and what does it contain?
Mixing saturated solutions of 2 simple salts followed by crystallization of the solution.
Mixture of 2 simple salts.
Alum
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Mohr’s salt (Ferrous ammonium sulphate)
(NH4)2 SO4 . FeSO4. 6H2O
How is Mixed salt formed and what does it contain?
No. 2 or more basic or acid radical.
Bleeching powder
Ca(OCl)Cl
Sodium Potassium carbonate
Na K CO3
How is Complex salt formed and what does it contain?
Mixing saturated solutions of simple salts followed by crystallization of the solution.
Simple ion and Complex ion.
Potassium mercuric iodide
K2[HgI4]
Nessler reagent.
Used to test ammonium gas.
What is Nessler’s Reagent
Potassium Mercuic iodide.
Gypsum
CaSO4.2H2O
Blue Vitriol
CuSO4.5H2O
CaCl2. ___ H2O
6
Epsom
MgSO4 . 7H2O
Glauber’s salt
Na2SO4 . 10H2O
Washing soda
Na2CO3 . 10H2O
Water of crystallization
- Amount of water molecules -> enters into loose chemical combination with one molecule of the salt.
- Formed on crystallization from its aqueous solution.
Deliquesecnce
- Water soluble
2. Absorb moisture and dissolve in it and changes into a solution.
Example of Deliquescent salts:
- FeCl3, CaCl2 (anhydrous), MgCl2, ZnCl2, **Cu(NO3)2.
Efflorescence ->
Exposure to atmosphere -> Lose their WOC and changes into a powder.
Example of Effloroscence
Epsom, Blue vitriol, Glauber’s salt, Washing soda.
Volatile acids ->
HCl, HNO3 and H2CO3
Methyl Orange changes color abruptly between
3 to 4
