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BIOLOGY FURTHER ADDITIONAL > 3a > Flashcards

3a Flashcards

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1
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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2
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

Just one with very small holes in, only tiny molecules like water can pass through them

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3
Q

How does water move into and out of cells?

A

Osmosis

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4
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness?

A

Thin- short distance to diffuse, large surface area- lots of a substance can diffuse at once, lots of blood vessels- get stuff into and out of the blood quickly, ventilated

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5
Q

Why does the structure of a leave need to allow gases to diffuse easily in and out of cells?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into air spaces then into the cells where photosynthesis happens, oxygen and water vapour diffuse out through the stomata

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6
Q

How is a plants exchange surface adapted to maximise effectiveness?

A

Flattened shape of leaf increases surface area, air spaces inside leaf increase area of surface so theres more chance for carbon dioxide to get into the cells

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7
Q

In what conditions is evaporation quickest/

A

Hot, dry, windy conditions

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8
Q

Explain the process of air through the body

A

The air that you breathe goes in through the trachea. This splits into two tubes called ‘bronchi’, one going to each lung. Bronchi split into smaller tubes- bronchioles which end at small bags- alveoli where the gas exchange takes place

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9
Q

What is the definition of ventilation?

A

The movement into and out of the lungs

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10
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, thorax volume increases, decreases the pressure drawing air in

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11
Q

What happens when you breathe out?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, thorax volume decreases, increases the pressure so air is forced out

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12
Q

What is a ventilator?

A

A machine that moves air into or out of the lungs

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13
Q

How did the iron lung use to work?

A

Air pumped out of the case, pressure dropped, lungs expanded, air drawn into lungs. Air pumped into case had opposite effect

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14
Q

Name two disadvantages of the iron lung

A

Had to be in the machine for the neck down for weeks and could interfere with the blood flow of the body

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15
Q

How do modern ventilators work?

A

Pumping air into the lungs, expands the ribcage, stops pumping, ribcage relaxes, pushes air back out of the lungs

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16
Q

Give a possible disadvantage of the modern ventilator

A

Can occasionally cause damage by bursting alveoli

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17
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

To transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove waste carbon dioxide from it

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18
Q

How do the lungs achieve their job of transferring oxygen to the blood and removing waste carbon dioxide from it?

A

They contain millions of alveoli where gas exchange takes place

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19
Q

How are alveoli specialised to maximise the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

They have an enormous surface area, a moist lining for dissolving gases, very thin walls and a good blood supply

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20
Q

What do villi do?

A

Really big surface area so that digested food is absorbed much more quickly into the blood

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21
Q

Where are villi?

A

Inside the small intestine

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22
Q

What is active transport?

A

When substances are absorbed against a concentration gradient

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23
Q

How are root cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals?

A

They have root hair cells that stick out into the soil, this creates a very big surface area

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24
Q

How do root hairs take in minerals?

A

Active transport

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25
Q

How does active transport work in a root hair cell?

A

Allows the plant to absorb minerals from a very dilute solution, against a concentration gradient.

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26
Q

What does active transport need?

A

Energy from respiration

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27
Q

Give an example of where active transport happens in humans

A

Taking glucose from the gut and from the kidney tubules

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28
Q

Why is active transport needed in the gut?

A

There is low concentration of nutrients in the gut, but a high concentration in the blood

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29
Q

What do Phloem tubes do?

A

Transport food thats made in leaves to growing regions and storage organs- the transport goes in both directions

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30
Q

What do Xylem tubes do?

A

Take water and minerals from the roots to the stem and lives in the transpiration stream

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31
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Loss of water from the plant

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32
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

The evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves, slight shortage in leaf, more water drawn up through xylem vessels to replace it, more water drawn up from roots, constant transpiration stream. More water inside the plant than in the air outside water escapes through stomata

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33
Q

What is the circulatory systems main function?

A

To get food and oxygen to every cell in the body

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34
Q

In the double circulatory system, what does the first one do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. The blood then returns to the heart

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35
Q

In the double circulatory system, what does the second one do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body. The blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart ti be pumped out to the lungs again

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36
Q

Why does the heart contract?

A

To pump blood around the body

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37
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

To make sure that the blood goes in the right direction- prevents it flowing backwards

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38
Q

Explain how the heart uses its four chambers to pump blood around in five stages

A

Blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein. The atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles. Ventricles contract forcing blood into pulmonary artery and aorta and out of the heart. Blood flows to the organs through arteries, and returns through veins. Atria fill and whole cycle starts over.

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39
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins

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40
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

These carry the blood away from the heart

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41
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

These are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

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42
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

These carry the blood to the heart

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43
Q

Describe an artery

A

The walls are strong and elastic, thick walls compared to size of the lumen, thick layers of muscle w/ elastic fibres

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44
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

Capillaries

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45
Q

Why do capillaries have permeable walls?

A

So that substances can diffuse in and out

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46
Q

What do capillaries supply and what do they take away?

A

Supply food and oxygen, take away waste like CO2

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47
Q

How thick are the walls of capillaries?

A

One cell thick

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48
Q

Why do capillaries have walls that are only one cell thick?

A

It increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs

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49
Q

What do capillaries eventually join up to form?

A

Veins

50
Q

Where is the blood at a higher pressure, the veins or the arteries?

A

The arteries

51
Q

How do Veins keep the blood flowing even with a lower pressure?

A

Bigger lumen, valves to keep it in the right direction

52
Q

What are the four main things in blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

53
Q

What is the job of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

54
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?

A

Doughnut shape to give a large surface area for absorbing oxygen, no nucleus allows more room to carry oxygen

55
Q

What red pigment do red blood cells contain?

A

Haemoglobin

56
Q

In the lungs, haemoglobin combines with oxygen to become what?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

57
Q

In body tissues, what happens to oxyhaemoglobin?

A

It splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen, to release oxygen to the cells

58
Q

What is the job of white blood cells?

A

To defend against disease

59
Q

How do white blood cells defend against disease?

A

Change shape to gobble unwelcome microorganisms, produce antibodies to fight microorganisms, produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by the microorganisms

60
Q

Do white blood cells have a nucleus?

A

Yes

61
Q

What is the job of platelets?

A

To help blood to clot at a wound

62
Q

Why is it important that platelets help blood clot?

A

To stop all your blood pouring out and to stop microorganisms getting in

63
Q

What can lack of platelets lead to?

A

Excessive bleeding and bruising

64
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid that carries everything in the blood

65
Q

Give as many examples as you can of things that the plasma carries

A

Red and white blood cells, platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs, urea from liver to kidneys, hormones, antibodies and antitoxins produced by the white blood cells

66
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute used to replace the lost volume of blood, gives patient time to produce new blood cells.

67
Q

Can an artificial blood product replace the function of the red blood cells so that there is no need for a blood transfusion?

A

No, they are currently being developed but are having issues with side-effects

68
Q

What are artificial hearts?

A

Mechanical devices that are put into a person to pump blood if their own heart fails.

69
Q

What is the main advantage of artificial hearts?

A

They are not rejected by the body’s immune system, made from metals or plastics so not seen as foreign

70
Q

Give three main disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

The surgery to fit an artificial heart can lead to bleeding and infection, don’t work as well as healthy natural hearts- parts of the heart could wear out, blood doesn’t through through artificial hearts as smoothly so can cause blood clots- has to take drugs to thin their blood

71
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the arteries that supply he blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by fatty deposits, causes arteries to become narrow and the blood flow is restricted- can result in a heart attack

72
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes that are inserted inside arteries, they keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles- keeps heart beating.

73
Q

What do stents lower the risk of?

A

Heart attacks in people with coronary heart disease

74
Q

Name a disadvantage of stents

A

Patient has to take drugs to stop blood clotting on stent

75
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment

76
Q

What are the main six things that need to be controlled in your body (homeostasis)?

A

Body temperature, water content, ion content, blood sugar level, carbon dioxide levels, urea

77
Q

Why must body temperature be carefully controlled?

A

All enzymes work best at a certain temperature, In human body- 37ºc

78
Q

Why must water content be carefully controlled?

A

Too much water moves in or out of cells -damage them

79
Q

Why must the amount of carbon dioxide in the body be carefully controlled?

A

Toxic in high quantities

80
Q

How does your body know to respond to temperature?

A

There is a thermoregulatory centre in the brain, it contains receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain and receives impulses from the skin about skin temperature.

81
Q

What happens when you are too hot?

A

Hairs lie flat, sweat is produced by sweat glands and evaporates from the skin, blood vessels supplying skin dilate so blood flows close to the surface of the skin, easier form heat to be transferred from the blood to the environment

82
Q

What happens when you are too cold?

A

Hairs stand up to trap an insulating layer of air, no sweat is produced blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict to close off the skins blood supply, shiver which needs respiration which releases some energy to warm the body

83
Q

What main three roles does the kidney perform?

A

Removal of urea from the blood, adjustment of ions in the blood, adjustment of water content in the blood

84
Q

How is urea produced?

A

Excess amino acids are converted into fats and carbohydrates, which can be stored urea is the waste product of this reaction

85
Q

Why does the amount of urea in the body need to be carefully controlled?

A

It is poisonous

86
Q

Why does the ion content of the body need to be carefully controlled?

A

Could upset the balance between ions and water, meaning too much or too little water is drawn into the cells by osmosis, could damage cells

87
Q

How are excess ions removed?

A

By the kidneys, also lost in sweat

88
Q

What is the balance of ions in the body maintained by?

A

The kidneys

89
Q

What are the 3 main ways that water is lost from the body?

A

In urine, sweat, air that we breathe out

90
Q

Describe what will happen on a cold day if you don’t sweat

A

You’ll produce more urine which will be pale and dilute

91
Q

Describe what will happen on a cold day if you don’t sweat

A

You’ll produce less urine which will be dark-coloured and concentrated

92
Q

What do sports drinks replace?

A

Lost water, sugar and ions

93
Q

What is the job of the kidneys?

A

Get rid of toxic waste like urea as well as adjusting the amount of dissolved ions and water in the blood

94
Q

What are the filtration units in the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

95
Q

What are the 3 stages of the process through the kidneys?

A

Ultrafiltration, reabsorption, release of wastes

96
Q

Describe what happens during the first stage, ultrafiltration, in the kidneys?

A

A high pressure is built up which squeezes water, urea, ions and sugar out of the blood and into the bowman capsule. The membranes between the blood vessels and the bowman capsule act like filters, so big molecules like proteins and blood cells are not squeezed out. They stay in the blood.

97
Q

Describe what happens during the second stage, reabsorption, in the kidneys?

A

As the liquid flows along the nephron, useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood, all sugar is reabsorbed (active transport), sufficient ions are reabsorbed (active transport), sufficient water is reabsorbed.

98
Q

Describe what happens during the last stage, release of wastes, in the kidneys?

A

The remaining substances (including urea) continue out of the nephron, into the ureter and down to the bladder as urine

99
Q

What happens if the kidneys don’t work properly?

A

Waste substances build up in the blood and you lose your ability to control the levels of ions and water in your body

100
Q

If kidneys stop working what treatments can be done?

A

Regular dialysis or a transplant

101
Q

What do dialysis machines effectively do?

A

Filter the blood

102
Q

Why does dialysis have to be done regularly?

A

To keep the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood at normal levels, and to remove waste substances

103
Q

Describe the process of a dialysis machine

A

The persons blood flows alongside a selectively permeable barrier, surrounded by dialysis fluid. Only waste substances such as urea and excess ions and water diffuse across the barrier

104
Q

Why are useful dissolved ions and glucose not lost from the blood during dialysis?

A

The dialysis fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood

105
Q

In dialysis what is the selectively permeable barrier permeable to?

A

Its permeable to things like ions and waste substances, but not big molecules like proteins

106
Q

Name two disadvantages of kidney dialysis

A

Many patients with kidney failure have to have a dialysis session three times a week, 3-4 hours each time, plus dialysis may cause blood clots or infections

107
Q

What is the only cure for kidney disease?

A

To have a kidney transplant

108
Q

What can happen to donor kidneys in the body?

A

They can be rejected

109
Q

Why and how can donor kidneys be rejected by the patients immune system?

A

The foreign antigens on the donor kidney are attacked by the patients antibodies

110
Q

What precaution are taken to prevent donor kidneys being rejected by the body?

A

Donor chosen with a tissue type that closely matches the patient, the patient is treated with drugs that suppress the immune system

111
Q

What two hormones control blood glucose level?

A

Insulin and glucagon

112
Q

Name two ways that the body removes glucose from the blood without hormones

A

Normal metabolism of cells, vigorous exercise

113
Q

Where are changes in blood glucose monitored and controlled?

A

The pancreas

114
Q

What happens if blood glucose level is too high?

A

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas, removed by liver, makes liver turn glucose into glycogen

115
Q

What happens if blood glucose level is too low?

A

Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas, makes liver turn glycogen into glucose, glucose added to blood by liver

116
Q

What is type one diabetes caused by?

A

A lack of insulin

117
Q

How is type one diabetes controlled?

A

Limited intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates, regular exercise, insulin therapy

118
Q

What is insulin therapy?

A

Involves injecting insulin into the blood

119
Q

What does the amount of insulin that needs to be injected in type one diabetes depend on?

A

The persons diet and how active they are

120
Q

How is human insulin made?

A

Genetic engineering

121
Q

Why don’t more diabetics have a pancreas transplant?

A

Body might reject tissue- take costly immunosuppressive drugs, which often have serious side-effects

BIOLOGY FURTHER ADDITIONAL (2 decks)

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