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chem of life > 3a > Flashcards

3a Flashcards

1
Q

what is a glycoprotein

A

a protein that can b modified by a carbohydrate

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2
Q

what types of glycoproteins are there

A

O linked ones
N linked ones

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3
Q

describe an n linked glycoprotein

A

the amide type thing!!!

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4
Q

describe an o linked glycoprotein

A

no amide // carbonyl

just an O bonded to 2 different things

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5
Q

whats EPO

A

a glycoprotein that stimulates the growth of RBC

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6
Q

40% of EPO issss

A

carbohydrates

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7
Q

what does removing the 40% of carbs from EPO do

A

makes it degrade faster

its still good at doing its job tho!!!

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8
Q

what increases the stability of EPO

A

glycosylation increases the stability of glycoprotein EPO.

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9
Q

whats glycosylation again

A

attaching carbohydrates to protein backbones

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10
Q

when does glycosylation occur

A

glycosylation can occur at any stage in protein synthesis!!!

there are no regulations on how and when it occurs.

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11
Q

glycoproteins: how do they effect the proteome

A

they do so by making it more complex

bc there will be more OH’s, alpha and beta anomers and saccharides attached once carbs are added to the amino acid backbone.

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12
Q

do glycoproteins that undergo glycosylation form many glycoforms ??? what what is a glycoform

A

yesss many glycoforms are made

a glycoform is like,, think of a protein chain,, a protein chain with carbohydrates // glycans in different glycosylation sites

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13
Q

different glycoforms have what

A

different glycoforms have different biological activities and properties

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14
Q

whats glycosylation again

A

when an amino acid on a protein chain can be modified by attaching a carbohydrate to it.

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15
Q

how can we find out the oligosaccharide sequence and what is an oligosaccharide sequence

A

its a small chain of carbohydrates!!

we can figure the sequence out using mass spec

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16
Q

what is a lectin

A

a lectin is a specific CARBOHYDRATE BINDING PROTEIN!!

theyre sugar binding proteins

proteins that bind to sugar

sugar modified proteins.

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17
Q

what type of recognition site do lectins have

A

theyre proteins that bind to carbs

so they have a shallow carbohydrate binding site

which means its flat.

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18
Q

the lectin,, shallow carb binding site uses what interactions to bind to the carb

A

it uses hydrogen bonding

the more hydrogen bonds there are,, the stronger the interaction.

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19
Q

what are the role of lectins

A

they have a wide range of biological functions

their main function in animals is cell cell contact.

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20
Q

what do viruses use lectins to do

A

viruses use lectins to to target cells + infect cells.

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21
Q

what do lectins do in the immune system

A

they bind immune system cells in response to inflammation.

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22
Q

what is a glycolipid

A

a lipid that is modified using a carbohydrate

sugar modified carbohydrate

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23
Q

what are glycolipids components of

A

cell membranessssss

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24
Q

what does a cell membrane have on itself and what do they do

A

cell membrane has glycolipids on itself

they communicate whether cells should join together or not.

think of the like sticky hand thing!!

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25
is sugar hydrophilic or hydrophobic + what does this mean in terms of glycolipids
sugar is hydrophilic!!! means its on the outside of the cell membrane!! extracellular face of the membrane
26
apart from telling the cells if they should join together,, what else do glycolipids do on the cell membrane
they maintain the cell membranes stability maintain cell cell interactions
27
okay so what is atp normally used for
atp hydrolysis is what we meannnnn its a very favourable reaction so we pair it with an unfavourable one,, in order to make the unfavourable one a favourable one.
28
deltaG* =
- RT ln ( keq )
29
deltaG r =
deltaG* + RT ln ( concccc/conccc ) not standard conditions
30
temp for gibbs should be in
kelvin
31
are standard conditions found in cells
nopeeee mainly in a lab
32
if G is (_) that means itsss
exergonic a spontaneous reaction
33
if G is (+) that means itssss
endergonic not a spontaneous reaction
34
if delta G is negative,, what does that mean in terms of Keq
Keq > 1 means its spontaneous so product conc is higherrrrrr
35
if delta G is positive,, what does that mean in terms of Keq
Keq < 1 means its not spontaneous as the reactant conc ,, denominator is larger than the conc of products.
36
if G is 0,, what does that mean in terms of KEQ
keq = 1
37
if a reaction isnt spontaneous under standard // any conditions,, what can we do to make it spontaneous
we can change the concentration of pro and eactants used in the gibbs equation under non standard conditions!!!
38
delta G means what
the position of equilibrium,, its not about the rate,, its about where the quilibrium liessss which correlates to the extent of the reaction
39
delta G on a graph can be found by looking at what
the change in gibbs from the SM to the products
40
what determines if a reaction is gonna occur,,, Gr or G*
Gr!!!! gr bc we can change the mass action ratio ( the conc of the pro and rea) G* doesnt tell us if its gonna occur or not,, bc we can change stuff to make it work. bc G* uses conc at equilibrium!!!
41
changing the conc of reactants and products can change what
it can change if a reaction is gonna be spontaneous or not
42
whats involved in metabolism
building or breaking biomolecules
43
building biomolecules is called
anabolism
44
breaking biomolecules is called
catabolism
45
why do living organisms need energy
they need energy to do work active transport of molecules // ions to synthesise biomolecules
46
what is atp formed from
from glucose
47
fuels undergo catabolism to form
energy h20 co2
48
precursors and energy undergo anabolism to form
complex biomolecules
49
whats a precursor
smt that can become smt else!!
50
primary metabolism makes what
nucleic acids proteins carbohydrates lipids
51
how do we synthesise biomolecules if theyre reaction is unfavourable
- change the conc of the products and reactants in the reaction,, changing the mass action ratio,,, but this is hard to do. - use atp hydolysis which is favourable,, to make unfavoiurable reactions favourable!!!! we sum the 2 diff reactions,, gibbs energy together
52
when we are summing gibbs energy of reactions,, what do we need to consider
the direction of the arrow the sign of the gibbs energy sum means add so make sure u put the acc values into brackets!!!
53
atp is called
adenosine triphosphate
54
ATP is what
its the energy currency in cellsss!!!! it drives energy demanding processes!!!
55
what is the important bit of atp
its the triphosphate bitttt
56
when atp is hydrolysed what does it give,, give the 2 products
ATP gives ADP gives AMP
57
why is the hydrolysis of atp favoured
bc in the triphosphate bit,, the OH's have a (-) and this obvs will have steric repulsion!! so when we remove one,, steric factors and repulsion are reduced.if
58
if atp hydrolysis is favoured,,, what else is it
its exergonic!!!! meaning deltaG is (-)
59
apart from the sterics of triphosphate,, why else is atp hydrolysis exergonic
bc the stabilisation of anions in products is more than the stabilisation of the starting materials!!!! bc the solvation of the ADP and Pi is more effective. as less water moelcules are needed to surround it and solvate it!! so its entropically favoures igggg!!!!
60
theres an carboxylic acid (carboxylate) and a carboxylate but with 3F's on the R group,, which ion is more acidic and why
the CF3 CO ion the carboxylate with the F's as substituents!! bc the (-) can be shared inductively towards the R group with the F's aswell!! not just via resonance up into the carbonyl. which is why that one is more acidic,, bc the (-) is more spread out,, meaning its stabilised better,, meaning the H can be released more readily to form the ion,, meaning its more acidic bc its releasing more H's also less h20 needed to solvate it,, so theres a smaller entropic losssss as the h20 molecules do not need to be super organised
61
whats atp good at
atp is good at activating oxygen,, phosphate bonds to the primary alcohol on glucose
62
if glucose and a phosphate undergo phosphorylation in a cell,, what happens
they can no longer exit the cell they still inside it. irreversible.
63
is glucose phsophorylation favourable
nope gibbs is positive
64
if glucose phsophorylation isnt favourable,, what do organisms do in order for the reaction to occur
they pair it with atp hydrolysis which is favourable (gibbs is negative)
65
glucose phosphorylation and atp hydrolysis reaction
glucose + atp ---> adp + phosphorylated glucose (phosphate on the primary oxygen) pairing these makes them favourable
66
in glucose phosphorylation,, do glucose and an alcohol normally react?
nope!! the phosphate needs to be activated bc they dont normally react phosphate and an alcohol dont normally react. the energy of it is increased aka activated,, meaning its more reactive
67
is atp the only molecule that can transfer phosphate
nope PEP can too
68
is pep or atp better at transfering phosphates
pep!!! bc a carbonyl bond is formed rather than a alkene bond carbonyl bond is preferred as its more stable. and stronger // thermodynamically stable.
69
processes that help u go from atp to adp
- biosynthesis of macromolecules (dna, rna, proteins) - ACTIVE TRANSPORT - muscle contraction
70
how do we go from adp to atp process wise
oxidation of fuel photosynthesis
71
do carbohydrates release more energy than fats?? // why
no fats release more energy than carbohydrates bc fats arent has heavily oxidised fats have less C - o bonds
72
how is energy released
in small individual steps
73
catabolic process of proteins: stage 1,, stage 2,, stage 3
proteins amino acids acetyl coA citric acid cycle + oxidative phosphorylation
74
catabolic process of polysaccharides: stage 1, 2 and 3
polysaccharides simple sugars acetyl coA citric acid cycle + oxidative phsophorylation
75
catabolic process of lipids, stage 1, 2 and 3
lipids fatty acids and glycerol acetyl coA citric acid cycle + oxidative phosphorylation
76
flow of e- do what
they do work!!
77
Oxygen can accept what
oxygen can accept electrons.
78
fg on enzymes can beeee
basic and accept H+ acidic and release H+
79
what can fg on enzymes not do
fg on enzymes can be basic // acidic but if u want to do a redox reaction,, the fg cannot do it the fg on enzymes cannot perform the redox reactions. smt else must do it.
80
burning of fuel and biosynthesis have the same or diff pathways
they have different pathways
81
NAD+ does whatttt and what does it look like
accepts H+ its an oxidising agent it itself is reduced in reactions. the pyridine N has a (+)
82
NADH is whatt and what does it look like
its a reducing agent it itself is oxidised the N on pyridine is neutral.
83
NAD+ and an alcohol RR C H OH and what happens
a ketone is formed + NADH + H+. RR CO NAD+ is reduced,, the substrate is oxidised
84
enzymes allowwww what. and what does this mean for reactions
chiral environments means that reactions can be stereospecific,, one enantiomer may be favoured over another.

chem of life (16 decks)

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