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BIOL Unit 6 Campbell > 39 Chapter > Flashcards

39 Chapter Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

A signaling molecule that is produced in tiny amounts by one part of an organism’s body and transported to other parts, where it binds to a specific receptor and triggers responses in target cells and tissues.

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2
Q

Etiolation

A

Morphological adaptations for growing in darkness

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3
Q

De-etiolation (greening)

A

Occurs when a shoot reaches light

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4
Q

Stages of cell-signal processing

A

Reception, transduction, and response

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5
Q

Receptors

A

Proteins that undergo changes in shape in response to a specific stimulus

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6
Q

Second messengers

A

Small molecules and ions in the cell that amplify the signal and transfer it from the receptor to other proteins that carry out the response.

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7
Q

Two main mechanisms by which a signaling pathway can enhance an enzymatic step in a biochemical pathway:

A

Post-translational modification
Transcriptional regualtion

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8
Q

Post-translational modification

A

Activates preexisting enzymes

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9
Q

Transcriptional regulation

A

Increases or decreases the synthesis of mRNA encoding a specific enzyme

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10
Q

Many signal transduction pathways ultimately regulate the synthesis of new proteins by turning specific genes on or off.

A

True

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11
Q

Protein phosphatases

A

Enzymes that dephosphorylate specific proteins

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12
Q

Plant hormones are AKA…?

A

Plant growth regulators

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13
Q

Auxin (IAA) primary site of synthesis

A

Shoot apical meristems and young leaves

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14
Q

Auxin (IAA) Major Functions

A

Stimulates stem elongation (low concentration only); promotes the formation of lateral and adventitious roots; regulates development of fruit; enhances apical dominance; functions in phototropism and gravitropism; promotes vascular differentiation; retards leaf abscission

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15
Q

Cytokinins primary site of synthesis

A

Roots

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16
Q

Cytokinins Major Functions

A

Regulate cell division in shoots and roots; modify apical dominance and promote lateral bud growth; promote movement of nutrients into sink tissues; stimulate seed germination; delay leaf senescence

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17
Q

Gibberellins (GA) Primary site of synthesis

A

Meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves, and developing seeds

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18
Q

Gibberellins (GA) Major Functions

A

Stimulates stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, fruit growth, and seed development and germination; regulate sex determination and the transition from juvenile to adult phases

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19
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA) Primary site of synthesis

A

Unknown, but is present in every major organ and living tissue; it may be transported in the phloem or xylem

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20
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA) Major functions

A

Inhibits growth; promotes stomatal closure during drought stress; promotes seed dormancy and inhibits early germination; promotes leaf senescence; promotes desiccation tolerance

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21
Q

Ethylene Primary site of synthesis

A

This gaseous hormone can be produced by most parts of the plant

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22
Q

Ethylene Major functions

A

Promotes ripening of many types of fruit, leaf abscission, and the triple response in seedlings (inhibition of stem elongation, promotion of lateral expansion, and horizontal growth); enhances the rate of senescence; promotes root and root hair formation; promotes flowering in the pineapple family

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23
Q

Brassinosteroids Primary site of synthesis

A

Present in all plant tissues

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24
Q

Brassinosteroids Major Functions

A

Promote cell expansion and cell division in shoots; promote root growth at low concentrations; inhibit root growth at high concentrations; promote xylem differentiation and inhibit phloem differentiation; promote seed germination and pollen tube elongation

25
Q

Jasmonates Primary site of synthesis

A

Derived from the fatty acid linolenic acid; produced in several parts of the plant and travel in the phloem.

26
Q

Jasmonates Major functions

A

Regulate a wide variety of functions, including fruit ripening, floral development, pollen production, tendril coiling, root growth, seed germination, and nectar secretion; also produced in response to herbivory and pathogen invasion

27
Q

Strigolactones Primary site of synthesis

A

Are carotenoid-derived hormones produced in roots

28
Q

Strigolactones Major Functions

A

Promote seed germination, control of apical dominance, and the attraction of mycorrhizal fungi to the root

29
Q

Tropism

A

Any growth response that results in plant organs curving toward or away from stimuli

30
Q

Phototropism

A

The growth of a shoot toward light or away from it
-positive phototropism - move toward
-negative phototropism - move away

31
Q

Polar transport

A

The unidirectional transport of auxin

32
Q

Expansins

A

Proteins that break the cross-links (hydrogen bonds) between cellulose microfibrils and other cell wall constituents, loosening the wall’s fabric.

33
Q

Senescence

A

The programmed death of certain cells or organs or the entire plant

34
Q

Photomorphogenesis

A

Describes events in plant growth and development triggered by light

35
Q

Action spectrum

A

A graph which depicts the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process, such as photosynthesis.

36
Q

Action spectra reveal that red and blue light are the most important colors in regulating a plant’s photomorphogenesis.

A

True

37
Q

Blue-light photoreceptors

A

Photoreceptors (pigments) that absorb mostly blue light

38
Q

Phytochromes

A

Photoreceptors that absorb mostly red light

39
Q

Photoperiodism

A

A physiological response to photoperiod, such as flowering

40
Q

Short-day plant

A

A plant that flowers only when the light period is shorter than a critical length

41
Q

Long-day plants

A

A plant that flowers only when the light period is longer than a critical length

42
Q

Day-neutral plants

A

Plants that are unaffected by photoperiod and flower when they reach a certain stage of maturity

43
Q

Vernalization

A

The use of pretreatment with cold

44
Q

Florigen

A

The hypothetical signaling molecule for flowering

45
Q

Gravitropism

A

A plants responses to gravity
-Roots display positive gravitropism
-Shoots display negative gravitropism

46
Q

Statoliths

A

Dense cytoplasmic components that settle under the influence of gravity to the lower portions of the cell

47
Q

Thigmomorphogenesis

A

Refers to the changes in form that result from mechanical perturbation.

48
Q

Thigmotropism

A

A directional growth in response to touch

49
Q

Action potentials

A

Electrical impulses Used as a form of internal communication

50
Q

Abiotic

A

Nonliving

51
Q

Heat-shock proteins

A

Help protect other proteins from heat stress

52
Q

First line of a plant’s immune defense

A

PAMP-triggered immunity

53
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

A

Molecular sequences that are specific to certain pathogens

54
Q

Effectors

A

Pathogen-encoded proteins that cripple the host’s innate immune system

55
Q

Plant’s second level of immune defense system

A

R (resistance) genes

56
Q

Effector-triggered immunity

A

The activation of R proteins by a specific effector

57
Q

Hypersensitive response

A

Refers to the local cell and tissue death that occurs at and near the infection site

58
Q

Systematic acquired resistance

A

Arises from the plant-wide expression of defense genes.

BIOL Unit 6 Campbell (5 decks)

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