38 Chapter Flashcards
Sporophytes
Spore-producing plants
Gametophytes
Gamete-producing plants
Three key derived traits of angiosperm reproduction (the three Fs):
Flowers
Double Fertilization
Fruits
Flowers are…
The reproductive shoots of angiosperm sporophytes
Receptacle
Part of the stem where all the floral organs are attached
Reproductive floral organs:
Carpels
Stamens
Sterile floral organs:
Sepals
Petals
Components of a carpel:
An ovary at its base and a long, slender neck called the style. At the top of the style is a sticky structure called the stigma that captures pollen.
Ovules
Are within the ovary. Become seeds if fertilized.
Pistil
Term used to refer to a single carpel or two or more fused carpels.
Chamber
Component of the ovary containing the ovule in the carpel..
A stamen consists of…
A stalk called the filament and a terminal structure called the anther.
Anther
Contains chambers called microsporangia
Microsporangia
Pollen sacs that produce pollen.
Petals are typically more brightly colored than sepals and advertise the flower to insects and other animal pollinators.
True
Sepals function
Enclose and protect unopened floral buds
Complete flowers
Have all four basic floral organs
Incomplete flowers
Lack a sepal, petal, stamen, or carpel.
Sterile flowers
Lacking functional stamens and carpels
Unisexual
Lacking either stamens or carpels
Inflorescence
A group of flowers tightly clustered together
Embryo sac
Female gametophyte (structure that produces female gametes)
Integuments
Layers of protective sporophytic tissue that will develop into the seed coat
Micropyle
Gap between integuments and the megasporangium.
Megasporocyte
Megaspore mother cell
Megaspores
Products of megasporocyte meiosis
Microsporocytes
Microspore mother cells
Microspores
Give rise to a haploid male gametophyte
Components of a pollen grain
A generative cell
The tube cell
The spore wall
Pollen grain
A structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall.
Spore wall
Consists of material produced by both the microspore and the anther, usually exhibits an elaborate pattern unique to the species.
During maturation of the male gametophyte, the generative cell passes into the tube cell.
True
Pollination
The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization.
Pollen tube
A long cellular protuberance that delivers sperm to the female gametophyte.
Fertilization
The fusion of gametes; Occurs after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte
Endosperm
A food-storing tissue of the seed
Double fertilization
The union of the two sperm cells with different nuclei of the female gametophyte
Cotyledons
Seed leaves
The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma is accomplished by:
Wind
Water
Animals
Coevolution
The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other
From seed to flowering plant includes the processes of…
Endosperm development
Embryo development
Seed dormancy
Seed germination
Seedling development
Flowering
Suspensor
Helps in transferring nutrients to the embryo from the parent plant
Spherical proembryo
Early embryo
Dormancy
When the embryo stops growing and its metabolism nearly ceases.
Dormancy is imposed by the presence of an intact ____________ rather than by the embryo itself
Seed coat
Hypocotyl
The embryonic axis where the two cotyledons are attached
Radicle
Embryonic root
Epicotyl
The portion of the embryonic axis above where the cotyledons are attached and below the first pair of miniature leaves
Plumule
Epicotyl
Young leaves
Shoot apical meristem
Scutellum
Specialized cotyledon; small shield
The embryo of a grass seed is enclosed within two protective sheathes:
Coleoptile
Coleorhiza
Coleoptile
Covers the young shoot
Coleorhiza
Covers the young root
Imbibition
The uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed.
Fruit
The mature ovary of a flower.
Pericarp
The thickened wall of the fruit
Simple fruits
Are derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels.
Aggregate fruit
Results from a single flower that has more than one separate carpel, each forming a small fruit
Fruitlets
Small fruits (like raspberry)
Multiple fruit
Develops from an inflorescence
Accessory fruits
When other floral parts contribute to the fruit
Asexual reproduction
A process where offspring are derived from a single parent without fusion of egg and sperm.
Fragmentation
The separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole planta
Apomixis
A mechanism of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without pollination or fertilization.
Asexual reproduction in plants is also known as _____________
Vegetative reproduction
Staminate flowers
Lacking carpels
Carpellate flowers
Lacking stamens
Dioecious species
Plants cannot self-fertilize because different individuals have either staminate flowers or carpellate flowers.
Self-incompatibility
The ability of a plant to reject its own pollen and the pollen of closely related individuals
Recognition of “self” pollen is based on genes called S-genes
Truue
Two types of self-incompatibility
Gametophytic
Sporophytic
In gametophytic self-incompatibility,…
The S-allele in the pollen genome governs the blocking of fertilization.
In sporophytic self-incompatibility,…
Fertilization is blocked by S-allele gene products in tissues of the parental sporophyte.
Totipotent
Any cell that can divide and asexually generate a clone of the original organism in a multicellular organism.
Vegetative propagation
The type of vegetative reproduction in which humans interfere.
Callus
Where adventitious roots develop
Stock
The plant that provides the roots in process of vegetative propagation known as grafting.
Scion
The twig grafted onto the stock
Transgenic
Describes organisms that have been engineered to express a gene from another species.
Biofuels
Fuels derived from living biomass
Biomass
Is the total mass of organic matter in a group of organisms in a particular habitat.
