3.8.3 Using genome projects Flashcards

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1
Q

Why might the ability to determine the genome of simple organisms be useful to medical scientists?

A

Could be used to identify antigens for use in vaccine production.

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2
Q

Why is determining the genome of more complex organisms not easily translated into proteome?

A

Most of the DNA consists of introns.

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

all of the genetic material in an organism.

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4
Q

How long did it take to map all 3 billion base pairs organised into 20,000 genes achieved in 2003?

A

13 years

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5
Q

what is bioinformatics?

A

the science of collecting and analysing complex biological data such as genetic codes.

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6
Q

How is all of the information stores in bioinformatics?

A

computers

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7
Q

How is the data analysed in bioinformatics?

A

algorithms (mathematical formulae)

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8
Q

What is WGS short for?

A

whole genome shotgun

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9
Q

What happens in WGS?

A

the DNA is cut in small sections, use computer algorithms to align overlapping segments to assemble the entire genome. this is rapid and continually updated.

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10
Q

What does SNP stand for?

A

single nucleotide polymorphisms

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11
Q

What are SNP’s?

A

single base variations in the human genome which are associated with disease and disorders.

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12
Q

What is offered to individuals to determine whether they have SNP’s in their DNA?

A

medical screening

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13
Q

Aside from determining the presence of diseases and disorders, what is another purpose of sequencing DNA?

A

determine evolutionary relationships between species

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14
Q

What is the proteome?

A

the proteins the coded for by the genome of an organism.

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15
Q

What is the definition of a proteome taking into account that not all genes are switched on to make proteins all of the time?

A

proteins produced in a given type of cell (cellular proteome) or organism (complete proteome), at a given time, under specified conditions.

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16
Q

H. Influenza was the first bacterium to have its genome fully sequenced. When was this done?

A

1995

17
Q

What is the name of the project currently underway to sequence many single-celled organisms’ genomes?

A

human microbiome project

18
Q

What is the hope for the human microbiome project after its completion?

A

help cure diseases and exploit knowledge.

19
Q

Why is it easier to sequence the genome of prokaryotes?

A

small amount of genetic material with few introns.

20
Q

Knowing the genome of disease causing bacteria could reduce the impact of pathogens. Why?

A

identify the proteins acting as antigens, crease a vaccine and give to people in appropriate doses. This will allow a secondary immune response to protect people from particular diseases.

21
Q

Why is it difficult to sequence the genome of eukaryotes?

A

Many introns which are non-coding (as little as 1.5% may code for human proteins), and all humans (except identical twins) have differenced in their genome.