3.8.2.3 Gene Expression and Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division

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2
Q

Which genes are responsible for controlling the rate of cell division?

A

Oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes

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3
Q

Where do oncogenes come from?

A

They normally derive from proto-oncogenes

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4
Q

What is the purpose of proto-oncogenes?

A

They normally code for proteins that regulate cell growth by providing protein signals that cause cell division or by regulating cell apoptosis (cell death)

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5
Q

What types of proteins does proto-oncogene involvement occur in?

A

All kinds

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6
Q

How is a proto-oncogene turned into an oncogene?

A

A mutation

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7
Q

What is the role of tumour-suppressor genes?

A

They produce proteins that slow down cell division

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8
Q

What occurs when a mutation occurs in a tumour-suppressor gene?

A

It stops proteins that slow down division from being formed

This is called silenced

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9
Q

What genes are affected by epigenetics?

A

Tumour-suppressor genes

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10
Q

Which hormone falls after menopause?

A

Oestrogen

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11
Q

How is Oestrogen and breast cancer linked?

A

By positive feedback
In breast tissue, fat cells produce more Oestrogen
Breast cancer tumours produce more Oestrogen

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12
Q

What is the process of Oestrogen affecting DNA synthesis?

A

Oestrogen diffuses across the cell membrane (lipid soluble)
Oestrogen binds to a complimentary transcriptional factor
The transcriptional factor is caused to change shape
The DNA binding site can now bind to DNA (activated)
Transcriptional factor moves through a nuclear pore to bind to DNA bases
This stimulates the transcription of a gene

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