3.8.2.1 Stem Cells (Unit 8 Gene Expression)

Question 1

What does totipotency mean?

Answer 1

can specialise into any type of cell including placenta, found in early stages of an embryo

Question 2

What does pluripotency mean?

Answer 2

can specialise into most types of cells, but not form placenta, found in early embryos but not the earliest

Question 3

What does multipotency mean?

Answer 3

can form some types of cells e.g. red and white blood cells, found in adult mammals

Question 4

What does unipotency mean?

Answer 4

can only form one type of cell, found in adults

Question 5

Cells that can specialise into any type of cell including placenta, found in early stages of an embryo are called…

Answer 5

Totipotent

Question 6

Cells that can specialise into most types of cells, but not form placenta, found in early embryos but not the earliest are called…

Answer 6

Pluripotent

Question 7

Cells that can can form some types of cells e.g. red and white blood cells, found in adult mammals are called…

Answer 7

Multipotent

Question 8

Cells that can only form one type of cell, found in adults are called…

Answer 8

Unipotent

Question 9

multicellular organisms are made up from…

Answer 9

many different types of specialised cells

Question 10

specialised cells originated from..

Answer 10

stem cells

Question 11

unspecialised cells that can develop into other cell types are called

Answer 11

stem cells

Question 12

Two main sources of stem cells can be found..

Answer 12

in the embryo, adult tissues

Question 13

these types of stem cells are only present in mammals in the first few divisions of the embryo

Answer 13

totipotent (very early embryo)

Question 14

these types of stem cells are still found in the embryo but have lost their ability to develop into differentiate into placental cells

Answer 14

pluripotent

Question 15

adult stem cells can be one of two types

Answer 15

1. multipotent stem cells

2. unipotent stem cells

Question 16

These types of stem cells can only differentiate into ONE type of cell

Answer 16

unipotent

Question 17

these types of stem cells can differentiate into a limited number of stem cells e.g. bone marrow cells can form RBC and WBC

Answer 17

multipotent stem cells

Question 18

Stem cells specialise because…

Answer 18

different genes are expressed (turned off and on)

Question 19

Stem cells all contain the same genes - true or false?

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Specialised cells all look different - why?

Answer 20

they all express different genes and thus proteins - this determines the cells overall structure

Question 21

Which stem cell can red blood cells originate from?

Answer 21

bone marrow stem cells

Question 22

Transcription is when

Answer 22

DNA is copied into mRNA

Question 23

Translation is when

Answer 23

mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids

Question 24

what are cardiomyocytes?

Answer 24

heart cells

Question 25

what can stem cells be used for?

Answer 25

treat diseases e.g. paralysis - replace damaged cells/tissues

Question 26

benefits of using stem cells in medicine?

Answer 26

save life and improve quality of life for many people

Question 27

iPS cells stands for?

Answer 27

induced pluripotent stem cells

Question 28

What are iPS cells?

Answer 28

created in the lab - reprogramming adult stem cells to become pluripotent

Question 29

What are the limitations with adult stem cells?

Answer 29

limited differentiation capacity - they are mulitpotent

Question 30

Where do we source embryonic stem cells from?

Answer 30

embryos created in the lab from IVF

Question 31

Embryonic stem cells are classified as one of twp types

Answer 31

1. totipotent (very early embryo)

2. pluripotent (early embryo)

Question 32

Issue surrounding embryonic stem cells?

Answer 32

1. ethics surrounding the sourcing of the embryos (embryo will be destroyed)

Question 33

In all cells which genes will be permanently expressed?

Answer 33

Housekeeping genes e.g. genes involved in respiration

Question 34

All organisms develop from a fertilised egg - what is the scientific name for this?

Answer 34

zygote

Question 35

Zygotes divide by what process?

Answer 35

Mitosis