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Y13 Biology Block A NT > 3.5.2 Respiration (Unit 5 Energy Transfers) > Flashcards

3.5.2 Respiration (Unit 5 Energy Transfers) Flashcards

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1
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2
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4
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5
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Mitochondria (matrix)

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6
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7
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 x Pyruvate

2 x (Net) ATP

2 x NADH

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8
Q

Identify the process shown in the diagram.

A

Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)

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9
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10
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Identify the missing label.

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11
Q

Identify the process shown in the diagram.

A

The link reaction of aerobic respiration

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12
Q

FAD is reduced to make…

A

FADH2 (reduced FAD)

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13
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) occur?

A

Mitochondria (matrix)

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14
Q

Describe what happens in the link reaction.

A

Oxidation of pyruvate (with NAD) to remove hydrogena nd release CO2

Addition of Coenzyme A to produce AcetylCoA

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15
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16
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17
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18
Q

Which Coenzymes are involved in aerobic respiration?

A

NAD

FAD

Coenzyme A

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19
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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20
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21
Q

How many electrons do NAD and FAD accept when they are reduced

A

Both accept 2

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22
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23
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24
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Identify the missing label.

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25
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Identify the missing label.

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26
Q

NAD is reduced to produce…

A

NADH

27
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
28
Q

Glycolysis is the breakdown of 1 x ________ into 2x _________

A

Glycolysis is the breakdown of 1 x glucose into 2 x pyruvate

29
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
30
Q

Identify the missing label.

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31
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
32
Q

Identify the 4 stages of aerobic respiration.

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link Reaciton
  3. Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
33
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
34
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A moelcule that works alongside an enzyme (usually dehydrogenase) to carry out a chemical process.

35
Q

Where precisely does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Cristae (inner membrane) of mitochondria

36
Q

Identify the process.

A

Glycolysis

37
Q

Identify the missing labels.

A
38
Q

Describe Glycolysis

A

In the cytoplasm
Phosphorylation of glucose using ATP to make it more reactive;
Lysis of the phosphorylated glucose intermediate to form Triose Phosphate
Oxidation from TP to pyruvate by losing H+ and e-
Net gain of 2 ATP;
NAD reduced/NADH formed

39
Q

Describe the link reaction

A

In the mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate is oxidised using coenzyme A
CO2 released
NAD is reduced
Acetyl CoA is formed

40
Q

Describe the krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA reacts with a 4C acceptor molecule
The 6C intermediate is decarboxylated and oxidised, removing CO2 and reducing NAD
The resulting 5C intermediate is also decarboxylated and oxidised removing CO2 and reducing 2xNAD, reducing FAD and generating 1x ATP in a series of REDOX reactions.
Until the original 4C acceptor is formed again.

41
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

FADH and NADH are oxidised and lose e- and H+
The e- are passed from carrier protein to carrier protein in the mitochondria inner membrane in a series of redox reactions
This releases energy
The energy is used to pump H+ through the membrane into the inner membrane space building a chemiosmotic gradient
H+ moves back through the membrane through ATP synthase
ADP + Pi  ATP
Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor forming water

42
Q

Why is oxygen so important to aerobic respiration.

A

It is the final electron acceptor.

H+ and electron transport would stop.

NAD and FAD cannot be resynthesised as NADH and FADH2 cannot give up their H+ and electrons.

43
Q

The energy not harvested during the electron transport chain is lost as…

A

heat

44
Q

The enzyme that catalyses the reaction of ADP + Pi –> ATP is…

A

ATP synthase

45
Q

Many mitochondria are present in metabolically active cells such as…

A

Muscle (contraction)

Liver (detoxification)

Epithelial cells (secretion)

46
Q

The mitochondria of metabolically active cells have more densely packed cristae. How does this help these cells?

A

A greater surface area of inner membrane is provided which include the enzymes and proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

47
Q

Why is it more useful to release energy in stages via an electron transport chain rather than all at once in one single step?

A

The transfer of electrons down an energy gradient allows energy to be released in a more gradual way.

This minimises energy wasted as heat.

48
Q

Why does the electron transport chain, krebs cycle and link reaction stop in the absence of oxygen?

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC.

Electrons ‘back up’ along ETC.

NADH and FADH2 are unable to become oxidised.

NAD and FAD are not regenerated.

NAD and FAD (Krebs only) needed to oxidise substrates of Krebs and link reactions.

49
Q

Which reaction is the only source of ATP in anaerobic conditions?

A

Glycolysis

50
Q

Can glucose cross the mitochondrial membrane?

A

No - glycolysis breaks it down into pyruvate, which is then transported across the membrane.

51
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants/microorganisms.

A

Pyruvate + NADH –> Ethanol + CO2 + NAD

52
Q

Which equation is shown below:

Pyruvate + NADH –> Ethanol + CO2 + NAD

A

Anaerobic respiration in plants/bacteria

Pyruvate + NADH –> Ethanol + CO2 + NAD

53
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration in mammals

A

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
NADH is oxidised during this process

This prevents NAD running out and allows ATP to continue being made in glycolysis

54
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

Pyruvate is reduced to ethanal then ethanol
NADH is oxidised during this process
CO2 is produced

This prevents NAD running out and allows ATP to continue being made in glycolysis

55
Q
A

Y13 Biology Block A NT (27 decks)

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