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CPR Week 7 > 3.7.4. Urinary Tract Development > Flashcards

3.7.4. Urinary Tract Development Flashcards

1
Q

urachus

A

distal portion of the allantois; it becomes a fibrous cord and forms the medial umbilical ligament

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2
Q

urachal cysts

A

result of a patent urachus (accumulation of fluid within the medial umbilical ligament)

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3
Q

urogenital ridge

A

covered elevation of intermediate mesoderm that lies in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions and forms the mesonephric kidneys

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4
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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5
Q

intermediate mesoderm

A

mesoderm-derived layer lying between the paraxial and lateral plate layers and responsible for forming much of the urogenital system

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6
Q

WTI gene product

A

Wilms’ tumor gene: stimulates the induction of growth via the ureteric bud

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7
Q

pronephros

A

rudimentary, nonfunctional kidney precursor; forms vestigial excretory units called nephrotomes

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8
Q

Wilms’ tumor

A

kidney cancer that typically occurs in children

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9
Q

pronephric duct

A

predecessor of the Wolffian duct

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10
Q

Renal agenesis

A

condition in which one or both kidneys fail to develop

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11
Q

mesonephros

A

intermediate kidney with short span of function (5-10 weeks of embryological life); formation of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule. Site of the urogenital ridge

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12
Q

dysplastic kidney

A

condition that results from malformation of the kidney during fetal development. consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes and has no function

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13
Q

mesonephric duct

A

the longitudinal collecting duct

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14
Q

potter sequence

A

atypical physical appearance of a fetus or neonate due to oligohydramnios

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15
Q

mesonephric tubules

A

genital ridges that are next to the mesonephros

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16
Q

trigone

A

smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice

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17
Q

metanephros

A

definitive kidney developed from the mesonephros; formation of the collecting ducts

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18
Q

cloacal membrane

A

portion of the cloaca that septates to give rise to the urogenital sinus and the anorectal canal

19
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidney consisting of the proximal and distal convoluted tubes, loop of henle, bowman’s capsule, and a glomerulus

20
Q

allantois

A

vestigial structure that serves as a respiratory and waste storage organ for embryos

21
Q

ureteric bud

A

gives rise to the ureter, the renal pelvis, the major and minor calyces, and 1-3 million nephrons; an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct close to the cloaca that induces differentiation of the metanephric system

22
Q

urogenital sinus

A

anterior portion of the cloacal division; gives rise to the urinary tract

23
Q

metanephric tissue cap (blastema)

A

mass of intermediate mesodermal cells around the distal end of the metanephric diverticulum that give rise to nephrons in the permanent kidneys.

24
Q

perineal body

A

pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle of the perineum.

25
Q

exstrophy of the bladder

A

a ventral body defect in which the bladder mucosa is exposed; results in an open urinary tract that extends along the dorsal aspect of the penis through the bladder to the umbilicus

26
Q

median umbilical ligament

A

adult remnant of the urachus

27
Q

epithelial/mesenchymal interactin

A

when signals pass back and forth between these two cell types to regulate organ differentiation

28
Q

characteristics of pronephros

A
  1. first kidney to form
  2. intermediate mesoderm condenses to form epithelial buds
  3. pronephri in humans do not differentiate into functional excretory units
  4. disappear by 24 days
  5. functional excretory units within 6-10 weeks
  6. Remnants of tubules differentiate into structures of male and female reproductive systems
29
Q

mesonephros characteristics

A
  1. Middle kidney which contains simple nephrons and is functional
  2. early in the 4th week, mesonephric ducts develop, extend caudally and fuse with the walls of the cloaca on day 26
  3. early in the 4th week, mesonephric ducts induce the intermediate mesoderm to form about 40 mesonephric tubules. Induced by pronephros
  4. remnants of tubules differentiate into reproductive system structures
30
Q

metanephros characteristics

A
  1. definitive kidney derived from the metanephric diverticulum which induces formation of metanephric blastema
  2. Composed of excretory and collecting system
31
Q

where is excretory system formed?

A

metanephric mesoderm

32
Q

where is collecting system formed?

A

mesonephric duct (ureteric buds). The ureteric buds sprout from the mesonephric duct and penetrate the metanephric blastema

33
Q

synthesis of BMP7 and FGF2 allow for what?

A

maintenance of WTI which allows for differentiation of nephrons

34
Q

What forms the minor calyces?

A

tubules of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th subdivisions fuse to form the minor calyces of the renal pelvis

35
Q

What forms the renal pyramid?

A

tubules of the 5th and later divisions that have elongated.

36
Q

portions of the cloaca?

A

urogenital and rectal portions. Furthermore, the urorectal septum divides the cloaca and yields the formation of the urinary bladder and the urogenital sinus

37
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

abnormal ascent of a single kidney that gets caught under the inferior mesenteric artery. More common in males.

38
Q

What are bifid ureters?

A

Two ureters that share a common opening into the bladder.

39
Q

What is an ectopic ureter?

A

It is an extra ureter that does not open into the urinary bladder. The original upper ureter opens into the abdomen and causes incontinence.

40
Q

Describe potter syndrome

A

Presented by a baby with bilateral renal agenesis. Associated with:
Pulmonary hypoplasia, Oligohydramnios (the trigger event), Twisted face, Twisted skin, Extremity defects, Renal failure.

41
Q

Describe the multicystic dysplastic kidney

A

Caused by an abnormal interaction between a ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. This leads to a nonfunctional kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue. If unilateral, is generally asymptomatic. Diagnosed prenatally via ultrasound

42
Q

vas deferens arises from where?

A

mesonephric (wolffian) duct

43
Q

What are the embryological sources for the suprarenal glands?

A

intermediate mesoderm for the cortex and neural crest for the medulla. Differentiation occurs during the 5th week of development.

CPR Week 7 (12 decks)

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