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HWSFBio NG+ > 3.7.1 Inherited Change > Flashcards

3.7.1 Inherited Change Flashcards

1
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2
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3
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What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that is only expressed an individual has two copies of that allele. Will not be expressed in a heterozygous individual.

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9
Q

What is a loci?

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome

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10
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What is a linked gene (autosomal)?

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Linked genes have their loci on the same chromosome and so stay together during independent assortment and are passed on to offspring together

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11
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How can autosomal linked genes be separated ?

A

By crossing over to produce “recombinant” gametes

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12
Q

What would be the ratio in the F2 generation for a dihybrid cross with no linkage

A

9:3:3:1

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13
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What would be the ratio in the F2 generation for a dihybrid cross where the 2 dominant alleles are perfectly linked

A

3 to 1

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14
Q

What makes two genes more closely linked?

A

Having their loci closer together on the same chromosome

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15
Q

What chromosomes do males and females have

A

Female = XX, Male = XY

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16
Q

In birds the sex chromosomes are called Z and W. Which way around is it? (off spec but commonly given as info for application questions)

A

Female = ZW, Male = ZZ

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17
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Define sex-linkage

A

when the locus of a gene is on a sex chromosome

18
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Why are males more likely to show sex-linked recessive phenotypes than females ?

A

They only have one X chromosome, so they often only have one allele for sex linked genes. As they only have one copy, they express the characteristic of this allele even if it is recessive

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21
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Give examples of X linked disorders

A

Colour blindness and haemophilia

22
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Define heterozygote

A

An individual with different alleles of a gene at a particular locus

23
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Define allele

A

Version of a gene

24
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Define genotype

A

The alleles a person has

25
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Define phenotype

A

The characteristics displayed by an organism

26
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Define dominant

A

An allele that is expressed in the phenotype even when there is only one copy

27
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Define carrier

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If a recessive allele can cause a disease, a carrier is someone who is heterozygous for the gene. They wont have the disease but they carry a copy of the allele for the disease

28
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Define co-dominance

A

Both alleles influence the phenotype because they are both expressed equally

29
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In a cross between Red (RR) and white (rr) cows with codominant inheritance what would be the pheotypic ratio of the offspring

A

100% Roan (Rr)

30
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In a cross between two Roan cows (Rr) what would be the ratio of the offspring?

A

25% white (rr), 50% roan (Rr) , 25% red (RR)

31
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Define homozygote

A

An organism that has 2 copies of the same alleles for a characteristic

32
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What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

The inheritance of a single characteristic controlled by different alleles

33
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What is dihybrid inheritance?

A

The inheritance of 2 characteristics controlled by different alleles (you use a 4x4 punnet square)

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35
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Define ‘epistasis’

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When the allele of one gene affects or masks the expression of another in the phenotype

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38
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Which statistical test do you use to see if the offspring produced are significantly different to those predicted by a genetic cross?

A

Chi-squared test

39
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What is the chi-squared test used to test for

A

To see if observed frequences are signficantly difference from expected frequencies (e.g. in genetic crosses)

40
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how do you use this formula

A
41
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In a chi-squared test, if the P value is greater than 0.05, what does this mean?

A

The null hypothesis is rejected, there is a significant difference between the observed and the expected frequencies. This difference is not due to chance.

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HWSFBio NG+ (22 decks)

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