37 Evolution of cooperation

Question 1

Why is apparent altruism such an important problem in evolutionary biology?

Answer 1

Sex is the queen of problems, but altruism is the central paradox.

Question 2

What is inclusive fitness?

Answer 2

Fitness from direct reproduction (individual selection) and fitness from reproduction of relatives with alleles identical by descent. Kin selection is based on this.

Question 3

What is the evidence that individuals can recognize kin?

Answer 3

In cannibalistic tadpoles, they prefered to eat nonsiblings

Question 4

Why does cooperative breeding evolve in birds?

Answer 4

Increased in group size eventually leads to more territory. Offspring will later help their helpers

Question 5

What are the advantages to the helpers and breeders?

Answer 5

Bee-eaters that used cooperative breeding gained fitness. Helpers help raise feeding rates, and assist breeders.

Question 6

What is the theory of reciprocal altruism and how do vampire bats illustrate it?

Answer 6

1. Benefit of receiving must be greater than the cost of donating.
2. Individuals must assume role of donor and recipient at different times.
3. Donors and recipients must be associated over time.
4. Cheaters must be ostracized.
   This theory shows that selfish behavior by two individuals can benefit both of them.
   Bats regurgitate blood to each other.