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Kinesiology > 3550 Midterm > Flashcards

3550 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of ergonomics?

A

Improve system performance

System = set of elements, the relationship between them and the boundary around them

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2
Q

3 main components of ergonomics

A

Task
User
Environment

all have bidirectional arrows

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3
Q

Bernardino Ramazzini

A
  • Italian physician and philosopher
  • 1700s
  • Wrote “Treatise on the Diseases of Tradesman”
  • Revealed a variety of common workers’ diseases that appeared to be caused by prolonged, irregular motions and postures during task performance
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4
Q

Wojciech Jastrzebowski

A
  • Coined the term ergonomics in 1857
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5
Q

Frederick Taylor

A
  • In the late 1800’s applied ergonomic principles to factories
  • “Scientific Management”
  • Emphasized that all jobs (no matter how small) were worthy of study/improvement and that management was responsible for ensuring this was done in order to maximize returns
  • Broke down full tasks into a set of simpler tasks –> “division of labor”
  • Wanted those tasks to be performed in the most efficient way possible –> “Time and motion studies”
  • Employee safety and well-being was not a priority. Monetary return was the primary focus!
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6
Q

What is an example of a time/motion study?

A

Bethlehem Steel
* Found the sweet spot for all the variables and made that task as efficient as possible – allowing employees to move the most amount of material in a short period of time.

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7
Q

Disadvantages of Taylorism

A
  • Led to the “de-skilling” of craftsman and created mundane, repetitive jobs
  • Hierarchy in the workplace
  • Workers do the work… managers do the thinking
  • Dehumanization - led to push for unionization (50’s-70’s)
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8
Q

Advantages of Taylorism

A
  • Most workers could learn multiple tasks – wasn’t the case when Taylor first started
  • Fewer skilled labourers were required (skill shortages were mitigated)
  • Precursor to mass-production of products, which made products cheaper to produce and subsequently, purchase
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9
Q

What is the big issue with Taylorism?

A

Psychological and social context of work was not considered

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10
Q

FPJ & FJP

A

FPJ = Fitting the person to the job
FJP = Fitting the job to the person
- Most of the time is spent fitting the job to the person (most standard approach)

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11
Q

Why is ergonomics important?

A
  • Work-related musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses accounted for approximately 34% of the non-fatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work in US private industry in 2017
  • Overall direct employees’ compensation claim costs to US industry to be $55.4 billion in 2016 (not including indirect costs)
  • Musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses also are among those which patients are most often prescribed opioids
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12
Q

Modern Ergonomics

A

Try to improve the performance of systems by improving human-machine/task
- design a better interface
- remove factors in task, environment or organization

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13
Q

What are the 3 ergonomic domains?

A

Physical
Cognitive
Organizational

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14
Q

Physical Ergonomics

A

Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.

o Working postures
o Materials handling
o Repetitive movements
o Work-related musculoskeletal disorders
o Workplace layout and design
o Safety and health

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15
Q

Cognitive domain

A

Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, with regard to interactions among humans and other elements of a system.
o Mental workload
o Decision making
o Skilled performance
o Human–computer interaction
o Human reliability
o Stress
o Training

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16
Q

Organizational Domain

A

Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes.
o Personnel resource management
o Task/System design (or redesign)
o Design of shift hours
o Team and cooperative work
o Participatory design
o Virtual organizations
o Production
o Quality management

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17
Q

Interdisciplinary Nature of Ergonomics

A
  • Physiology
  • Psychology
  • Biomechanics
  • Physics
  • Anthropometry
  • General engineering
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18
Q

Role of ergonomist

A

Investigates and analyzes the demands for ergonomics design to ensure appropriate interaction between work, product, and environment, and human needs, capabilities, and limitations

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19
Q

Approaches to Job Analysis

A

QUALITATIVE approaches are used to screen jobs. Those that are problematic are assessed with SEMI-QUANTITATIVE methods. QUANTITATIVE measures are used when more detailed info about level and interrelationships of risk are involved.

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20
Q

Qualitative Analysis (4)

A

 Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
 OSHA’s VDT Checklist
 Body Discomfort Map
 OSHA’s Basic Screening Tool

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21
Q

Semi-Quantitative (3)

A

This data is processed through simple decision rules to yield a classification or ranking of job demand risk

-RULA
- REBA
- WISHA Lifting Calculator

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22
Q

Quantitative (2)

A

– NIOSH Equations
– Snook/Cirello tables – aka mutual liberty tables
– Strength and Cardiorespiratory numbers

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23
Q

Qual and Semi-Quant Adv and Disadv

A

Advantages
- Easy to administer
- Relatively inexpensive
- Gives snapshot in time
- Tools designed to be used in the workplace
- Many tools to choose from

Disadvantages
- Fuzzy lines between classifying high/low risk tasks
- Subjective measures depend on rater
- Few tools have been formally evaluated or validated

24
Q

Quantitative Adv and Disadv

A

Advantages
- Thorough
- Identifies specific areas of concern within tasks
- More objective than qualitative and semiquantitative tools

Disadvantages
- Expert knowledge needed
- Can require lots of time and resources

25
Q

Range of Motion at Work

A
  • The most efficient work is done in the first 1/3 of ROM (from neutral)
  • The closer you get to either extreme the greater the stress on the joint and its supporting muscles.
  • This applies to both light and heavy work tasks
26
Q

OSHA’S VDT

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Visual display Terminal Checklist

Qualitative
- This checklist is specific to visual display terminals – office work and ppl working on computers. Wouldn’t use this at a manufacturing plant.

27
Q

What is the passing score for OSHA VDT

A

Answering yes on all the working posture items (first segment) and no more than 2 no’s on the rest

Passing score means a setup for that current employee is acceptable and doesn’t need to be changed.

28
Q

Body Discomfort Map

A

Qualitative
- Subjective way for client to indicate where they are feeling pain. Have different symbols to indicate type of pain they are feeling
- Can get this with occupational and medical history as well

29
Q

What is the RULA?

A

Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
- Semi-quantitative
- Best for sedentary, seated tasks
- Gives score of 1-7
- Take measurements while they do the job
- The best use of RULA is to prioritize which jobs need further investigation
- Tasks with the highest scores should be addressed first

30
Q

What is the REBA?

A

Rapid Entire Body Assessment
- Semi-quantitative
- Better for the whole body than RULA
- Good for health care & service industries not good for production line

Static, dynamic, unstable or rapidly changing postures. Specifically designed to be sensitive to the type of unpredictable working postures found in health care and other service industries.

31
Q

REBA Scoring

A

Scoring
1 = Negligible risk
2-3 = low risk, change may be needed
4-7 = medium risk, further investigation, change soon
8-10 = high risk, investigate and implement change
11+ = very high risk, implement change

32
Q

Job Strain Index

A
  • Quantitative
  • Purpose: identify jobs that do and do not expose workers to an increased risk of developing a distal upper extremity (DUE) disorder
  • Used when dealing with a client who has upper extremity disorders
  • Six task variables used (3 are subjectively rated)
  • Multiplicative in nature
  • Does not evaluate vibration
33
Q

JSI Interpretation

A

<3 probably safe
3-5: uncertain
5-7: Associated with greater risk of UE disorders
>7 probably hazardous

You get individual scores which can then be used to determine multipliers

Intensity of exertion is the most influential

34
Q

Snook/Ciriello Tables

A

AKA Liberty Mutual Tables
- The tables provide design goals, in pounds of weight or force, that are deemed to be acceptable to a defined percentage of the population.

35
Q

Snook/Ciriello Tables Steps

A

Step 1:
* Measure all task variables and determine employees biological sex
* Looking at employees who would be primarily performing the task

Step 2:
- Select appropriate table based on task requirements

Step 3:
- Input task variables into table
* Pick the value that is most closely related to these categories. Round up to the next highest category! It’s better to be conservative.
* The numbers in the table are the percentage of the population that would be well suited for this task. The dash would mean that almost none of the female population would be well-suited for the task. Tells us major adjustments are needed. Not a lot of males would be able to perform it either.

36
Q

WISHA Lifting Calculator

A

Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act
* The WISHA Lifting Calculator is an adaptation of the revised NIOSH Lifting Equation
* It can be used to perform simple ergonomic risk assessments on a wide variety of manual lifting and lowering tasks.

37
Q

WISHA Steps

A

Step 1:
- Determine the actual weight of the object being lifted

Step 2:
- Determine the vertical and horizontal hand position of the employee’s hand

Step 3:
- Determine frequency (average number of lifts/minute)
- Determine duration

Step 4:
- If the employee twists more than 45 degrees while lifting, multiply the unadjusted weight limit by 0.85. Otherwise, use the unadjusted weight limit.

Step 5:
- Is it a hazard? Look at safe weight limit and compare to actual weight being lifted

Can use other tools at the same time - Postural component so use a postural tool (REBA) and since lifting as well use a lifting tool (WISHA)

38
Q

NIOSH Lifting Equation

A

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

  • Purpose: Identify limits for MMH tasks (weights, frequency, etc.)

WISHA condenses the NIOSH

39
Q

NIOSH Disqualifiers

A
  • One handed lifts
  • More than 8 hours
  • Seated or kneeling
  • Restricted work space
  • Unstable Objects
  • Carrying, pushing or pulling while lifting
  • Wheelbarrows or shovels
  • High speed motion
  • Unreasonable foot/floor coupling
  • Unfavorable environment
40
Q

Scientific Bases of NIOSH Guidelines

A
  • Epidemiological
    –> Higher incidence of LBP with higher load magnitudes
  • Biomechanical
    –> Know that they did an analysis of cadavers compressing the spine and determined at what force the spine started to deform and fracture. Based on that force that they analyzed they used that data to develop the NIOSH.
  • Psychophysical
    –> The psychophysical method has the implicit assumption that people can be ‘self-limiting’ or ‘self-protecting’ in terms of the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
    –> The method is essentially a formalized way of determining acceptable loads for a given task or subjective perceptions of physical stresses.
    –> Examples: Maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWL), Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
  • Physiological
    –> Used to prevent aerobic and localized muscle fatigue for majority of physically fit workers during MMH (manual material handing) tasks
    –> Tasks performed at higher frequency are more aerobically challenging as are ones which involve bent postures
41
Q

What is the recommended weight limit (RWL) for the NIOSH?

A

23 kg this is under ideal conditions but we use the 6 multipliers to determine the RWL for that task

42
Q

Lifting Index

A

NIOSH
LI = Actual weight lifted/RWL

> 1 is high risk
<1 nominal risk

43
Q

Load constant in NIOSH?

A

23kg or 51 pounds

44
Q

What does the score on the multipliers mean (NIOSH)?

A

The lower the score on those multipliers the worse!

45
Q

What is the ultimate goal of an ergonomic assessment?

A

Increase comfort
Decrease pain, discomfort and likelihood of injury

Efficiency can be considered a secondary goal

46
Q

What is the posture curve?

A

It’s a U with either end being static posture and movement in high frequency. The middle is low frequency movement. Y axis is health risk.

47
Q

What 4 things lead to increased MSD risk?

A

Force, awkward posture, repetition, long duration

48
Q

Eye-sensitivity area

A
  • Eye is sensitive to stimuli up to 95 degrees to the left and right
  • Up to 30 degrees up and down

Zone B encompasses these measurements and then zone A is the focal point.

49
Q

What happens with prolonged sitting?

A

Increased likelihood of:
o Back pain
o Muscle tenderness
o Varicose veins
o Neck pain
o Metabolic syndrome
o Heart disease
o Poor mental health

People who stand too much also get the top 4 issues

50
Q

Considerations for user-seat-desk fit

A
  • Seat should swivel
  • 5 Castor system
  • Waterfall edge
  • Armrest
51
Q

Issues with keying

A

Often promotes ulnar deviation and is often no soft spot to rest your wrists

52
Q

Issues with mousing

A

For most people, requires either external rotation and/or abduction of shoulder

53
Q

Monitor Guidelines

A
  • Should be arm’s length away
  • Top of monitor at eye level
  • Want to avoid any neck extension
54
Q

Zones of Reach

A

Zone A:
- Optimum for working with both hands, as both hands can reach this zone and are in the employee’s field of view
- Fine motor movements
- Pure lower arm movement

Zone B:
- Area for tools and parts that are often grabbed with one hand
- Upper and lower arm movements without use of the shoulders and rotation of the torso
- Gross motor

Zone C:
- For occasional handling, e.g. of empty containers or transferring parts to the range of movement for the next employee
- Shoulder and torso movement

55
Q

Height guidelines for standing work

A

Delicate work or fine manipulation (i.e., drawing)
- Support the elbows to minimize loading on the back
-Design for work surfaces 50–100 mm above the elbow height

Manual work (i.e., light assembly)
- Allow space for equipment, hand tools, materials, and containers.
- Design for work surfaces 100–150 mm below the elbow height.

Exertion of extensive manual effort or constant use of weight (i.e., heavy assembly or woodworking)
- When constant use of the strength of the upper part of the body is involved (heavy assembly work or woodworking), the working surface needs to be lower.
- Design for work surfaces 150–400 mm below the elbow height.

56
Q

Standing Aids

A

Anti-fatigue mats
- Mats do not seem to reduce fatigue but they do reduce discomfort in the lower leg feet and back
- Thick rubber mats may actually stimulate postural muscles in the lower legs and stimulate venous pump

Use of footrail reduced anterior pelvic tilt, straightened the supporting leg and increased plantarflexion of the supporting foot

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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