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7.01 A Level Organic MH > 3.5 - Alcohols > Flashcards

3.5 - Alcohols Flashcards

1
Q

Why is a compromise temperature of 35°C used in fermentation?

A

Greater than 40°C denatures Yeast

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2
Q

Raw Material: Hydration of Ethene

A

Crude Oil

finite

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3
Q

Three uses of Ethanol?

A

Alcohol Drinks
Solvent
Feedstock for Chemical processes (reactant)

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4
Q

What are the functional Group isomers of alcohols?

A

Ethers

C-O-C

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5
Q

Define: Biofuel

A

Fuel derived/produced from Recently living, Renewable Biological sources

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6
Q

Why is using Biofuels not completely Carbon Neutral?

A 
Fossil fuels burned to power machinery:
|> Make fertilisers
|> Harvest crops
|> Refine fuel
|> Transport fuel
Produces CO₂
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7
Q

What provides H⁺ in the Elimination of Alcohols?

A

Acid Catalyst

H₂SO₄

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8
Q

Type of Process: Hydration of Ethene

A

Addition

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9
Q

Reagents for Fermentation?

A 
Sugar Crop (glucose)
Yeast
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10
Q

Conditions for Fermentation?

A

Aqueous

Anaerobic

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11
Q

Raw Material: Fermentation

A

Sugar Crops

renewable

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12
Q

How can Alcohols be prepared from Alkenes?

A

Hydration

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13
Q

3 Disadvantages of using Crops to produce Fuels?

A

|> Land used to grow crops for fuel can’t be used to grow food
|> Fertilisers added to soil put algae into rivers
|> Deforestation to create land for crops to grow

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14
Q

Atom economy: Fermentation

A

51.1%

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15
Q

Use of long chain Alcohols?

A

Soap

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16
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

Alcohol where connected Carbon is connected to 3 other Carbons

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17
Q

Define: Structural isomers

A

Compounds w/ same molecular formula but a different Structural formula

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18
Q

How is an Alcohol named in terms of Position of O-H?

A

Alcohol no. must be lowest possible

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19
Q

In Hydration of Alkenes, what is the role of H₃PO₄?

A

Acid Catalyst

Provides H⁺ ions

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20
Q

Energy requirements: Hydration of Ethene

A

High

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21
Q

Quality of Product: Hydration of Ethene

A

100% Pure

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22
Q

Rate of Reaction: Hydration of Ethene

A

Fast

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23
Q

Functional Group of Alcohols?

A

C-OH

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24
Q

Define: Chain isomers

A

Isomers w/ same molecular formula but different Carbon chain arrangement

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25
Q

What do Alcohols react to form in Elimination Reactions?

A

An Alkene

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26
Q

In mechanisms, what does a Double-headed curly arrow show?

A

Movement of a pair of Electrons

27
Q

What is Eliminated in the Elimination of Alcohols?

A

Water

28
Q

Since Water is Eliminated, what does the Elimination of Alcohols involve?

A

Dehydration

29
Q

3 reactions that Alcohols take part in?

A

Combustion
Elimination
Oxidation

30
Q

Define: Functional Group isomers

A

Isomers w/ same molecular formula but different functional group

31
Q

Define: Position isomers

A

Isomers w/ same molecular formula but functional group is in a different position

32
Q

What is a Secondary alcohol?

A

Alcohol where connected Carbon is connected to 2 other Carbons

33
Q

Why are longer alcohols Not Soluble in Water

A

Strength of VDWs outweighs that of

Hydrogen bonds

34
Q

The first few alcohols are soluble in ____ ?

A

Water

35
Q

When writing equations of Combustion of Alcohols, what must be taken note of?

A

The O atom in the Alcohol

36
Q

Atom economy: Hydration of Ethene

A

100%

37
Q

Quality of Product: Fermentation

A

Very Impure

38
Q

General formula of Alcohols?

A

CnH₂n₊₁OH

39
Q

When Alcohols burn in Oxygen what is formed?

A

CO₂ & H₂O

40
Q

Rate of Reaction: Fermentation

A

Slow

41
Q

Why does Fermentation stop when reaction mixture contains around 15% Ethanol?

A

Ethanol denatures Yeast

42
Q

Define: Carbon Neutral fuel

A

Fuel that uses same amount of CO₂ from atmosphere when produced as is released when burned

43
Q

Energy requirements: Fermentation

A

Low

44
Q

General Equation for Hydration of Alkenes?

A

(H,R)-C=C-(H,R) + H₂O(g) |(H⁺)> RCH₂CH(OH)R

45
Q

Alcohols have ____ boiling points than their corresponding alkane?

A

Higher

46
Q

What is a Primary Alcohol

A

Alcohol where connected Carbon is only connected to 1 other Carbon

47
Q

Type of Process: Fermentation

A

Decomposition

48
Q

Reagents for Hydration of Ethene?

A

H₂O(g) - Steam

H₃PO₄ - Phosphoric Acid Catalyst

49
Q

Reagent of Elimination of Alcohols?

A

Concentrated H₂SO₄ (98%)

50
Q

Conditions for Hydration of Ethene?

A

300°C

60 atm

51
Q

Conditions for Elimination of Alcohols?

A

Warm

52
Q

Conditions for Hydration of Alkenes?

A

300°C

60 atm

53
Q

What are the 2 different methods for the Industrial Preparation of Ethanol?

A

Fermentation

Hydration of Ethene

54
Q

Why do Alcohols have Higher Boiling Points than their corresponding Alkane?

A

Alcohols form hydrogen bonds whereas alkanes only form VDWs

55
Q

Why might Fermentation followed with Elimination be used to make Ethene in the future?

A

More economical than:

Fractional Distillation |> Cracking |> Polymerisation

56
Q

3 Steps of Fermentation?

A

|> Carbohydrates from crops (e.g. Sugar Cane, Sugar Beet) are Broken Down into Sugars (e.g. Glucose)

|> Sugars converted into Ethanol through Anaerobic Respiration

|> Ethanol removed from reaction mixture by Distillation

57
Q

Reagent for Hydration of Alkenes?

A

H₂O(g) - Steam

H₃PO₄ - Phosphoric Acid Catalyst

58
Q

Equation for Atom Economy?

A

Mr Useful Product / Total Mr of all Products x 100

59
Q

Why is the Elimination reaction of Alcohols very important?

A

Renewable source of Plastics

60
Q

Equation for Fermentation to produce Ethanol?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ |> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

61
Q

Why is Air kept out of a Fermentation reaction?

A

Prevents further Oxidation

Prevents formation of Carboxylic Acid

62
Q

Why do Alcohols Combust more Efficiently than Alkanes?

A

Presence of O atom in the molecule

63
Q

What Type of Reaction is the Hydration of Alkenes?

A

Addition

7.01 A Level Organic MH (18 decks)

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